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Year 1 > Metabolism and Nutrition > Flashcards

Metabolism and Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What is the metabolism of alcohol?

A

Alcohol -> Acetaldehyde -> acetate

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2
Q

Why is acetaldehyde buildup toxic?

A

It is a toxic intermediate which leads to greater susceptibility to intoxication

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3
Q

What enzyme catalyses alcohol metabolism?

A

Alcohol dehydrogenase

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4
Q

How does alcohol affect the body?

A
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5
Q

How much energy is produced by alcohol?

A

7kcal/kg

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6
Q

How much energy is produced by fat?

A

9kcal/kg

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7
Q

How much energy is produced by carbohydrates?

A

4kcal/kg

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8
Q

How much energy is produced by protein?

A

4kcal/kg

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9
Q

How much energy is stored as glycogen in the body?

A

150g in the liver, 300g in the muscles

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10
Q

How much energy is produced by fat?

A

9kcal/kg

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11
Q

How much energy is stored by fat?

A

90g/900kcal

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12
Q

How much energy is stored as carbohydrates?

A

1120kcal/260g

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13
Q

What are the four main macronutrients?

A

Protein, fat, carbohydrates and nucleic acid

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14
Q

What is the role of macronutrients?

A

Carbon source for repair and growth

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15
Q

What are micronutrients?

A

chemical substance required in trace amounts

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16
Q

What is the role of micronutrients?

A

Support cell and tissue function, and support metabolism

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17
Q

What is DRV?

A

Estimate of the recommended energy and nutrient requirements for the population

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18
Q

Which factors would affect the DRV?

A

Age, sex, height, weight, diseases, puberty, menstruation, pregnancy

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19
Q

What is the total kcal required?

A

23340 kcal

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20
Q

What is the DRV’s main carb source?

A

65% starch

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21
Q

What is the order of carb intake in the DRV?

A

65% starch, 25% sucrose, 6% lactose, 3% fructose, 3% glucose and 0.5% glycogen

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22
Q

What is the order of fat intake in the DRV?

A

94% triglycerides, 4% phospholipids, 1% cholesterol

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23
Q

What is the proportion of saturated and unsaturated fat?

A

70g/ 20g

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24
Q

How much energy is stored as protein?

A

50g

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25
How much energy is stored as fibre?
30g
26
How much energy is stored as salt?
Less than 6g
27
What is the role of vitamin A?
vision and antioxidant against free radicals from drugs, smoking and UV radiation
28
What is the role of vitamin K?
Blood clotting
29
What is the role of vitamin D?
Bone health
30
What is the role of vitamin E?
Fertility and antioxidant
31
What is the role of vitamin B1?
Metabolism
32
What is the role of Riboflavin, Niacin and Pantothenic acid?
It is B2, B3 and B5 resposnible for metabolism
33
What is the role of vitamin B6 Pyridoxine?
Haemoglobin synthesis
34
What is the role of folate?
Prescribed in pregnancy for DNA synthesis for development
35
What is the role of colambin B12?
Haemoglobin synthesis
36
What is the role of calcium?
Bone health
37
What is the role of iodine?
Thyroid function
38
What is the role of iron?
Haemopoetisis and function of red blood cells
39
What is the role of sodium?
Osmotic balance
40
What is the implication of fat deficiency?
Deficiency of fat-soluble Vitamin A, D and E. Vitamin E deficiency is the clear marker of issues with fat deficiency/absorption. Fat is a source of essential fatty acids for inflammation mediator production and wound healing.
41
What is the implication of protein deficiency?
Brittle bones, thin hair, weak nails
42
What is the implication of carb deficiency?
Fatigue, headaches, bad breath
43
What is the implication of sodium deficiency?
Muscle cramping
44
What is metabolism and subtypes?
Sum of all reactions in the body. Catabolism is the breakdown of large molecules and anabolism is the breakdown of small molecules.
45
How long can glucose be used as a sole energy source?
30 mins
46
How long can glycogen be used as a sole energy source?
18h
47
How long can protein be used as a sole energy source?
21 days
48
How long can trialglycerol be used as a sole energy source?
49
Which molecules cannot be stored in the body?
Protein and alcohol
50
What is order of fruit and veg intake?
Elderly, women, men and children
51
Which cells do not progress onto the link reaction?
Red blood cells, medulla of kidney, Eye lens cells, Cells at injury sites, Tumour cells
52
Which 6 amino acids can undergo deamination?
alanine, cystein, seurine, glycine, threonine and hypotrophane
53
When does ketogenesis occur?
During starvation to provide brain with source of energy via soluble ketone bodies from high rates fatty acid oxidation. Occurs also when there is a high amount of acetyl coA entering Krebs
54
What is the function of the pentose phosphate pathway?
Synthesis of NADP
55
Why is the pentose phosphate pathway important for fatty acid?
NADPH is an important enzyme used for beta oxidation and fatty acid synthesis.
56
What is ATP?
Unit of energy transfer
57
What is BMR?
Energy needed to survive 24kcal/kg
58
Which factors increase BMR?
Pregnancy, overweight, low temperature and exercise
59
Which factors decrease BMR?
Starvation, age, high temperature and low activity
60
What is the rate limiting enzyme in fatty acid oxidation?
cartinine transferase
61
What is the rate limiting enzyme in fatty acid synthesis?
malonoyl coA synthase
62
What happens in the fed state?
Excess glucose transported by VLDL to be converted into fat sores, amino acids converted into proteins in liver, glucose stored as glycogen
63
What happens in the absorptive state?
Adipose stores undergo lipolysis, glycogenolysis, proteolysis of proteins into amino acids which undergo deamination, fatty acid oxidation
64
What happens in the starvation state?
Ketogenesis of acetyl coA --> acetoacetate/acetone/B-hydroxybutylcoA

Year 1 (191 decks)

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