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Year 1 > Metabolism and Nutrition > Flashcards

Metabolism and Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What is the metabolism of alcohol?

A

Alcohol -> Acetaldehyde -> acetate

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2
Q

Why is acetaldehyde buildup toxic?

A

It is a toxic intermediate which leads to greater susceptibility to intoxication

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3
Q

What enzyme catalyses alcohol metabolism?

A

Alcohol dehydrogenase

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4
Q

How does alcohol affect the body?

A
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5
Q

How much energy is produced by alcohol?

A

7kcal/kg

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6
Q

How much energy is produced by fat?

A

9kcal/kg

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7
Q

How much energy is produced by carbohydrates?

A

4kcal/kg

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8
Q

How much energy is produced by protein?

A

4kcal/kg

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9
Q

How much energy is stored as glycogen in the body?

A

150g in the liver, 300g in the muscles

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10
Q

How much energy is produced by fat?

A

9kcal/kg

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11
Q

How much energy is stored by fat?

A

90g/900kcal

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12
Q

How much energy is stored as carbohydrates?

A

1120kcal/260g

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13
Q

What are the four main macronutrients?

A

Protein, fat, carbohydrates and nucleic acid

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14
Q

What is the role of macronutrients?

A

Carbon source for repair and growth

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15
Q

What are micronutrients?

A

chemical substance required in trace amounts

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16
Q

What is the role of micronutrients?

A

Support cell and tissue function, and support metabolism

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17
Q

What is DRV?

A

Estimate of the recommended energy and nutrient requirements for the population

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18
Q

Which factors would affect the DRV?

A

Age, sex, height, weight, diseases, puberty, menstruation, pregnancy

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19
Q

What is the total kcal required?

A

23340 kcal

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20
Q

What is the DRV’s main carb source?

A

65% starch

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21
Q

What is the order of carb intake in the DRV?

A

65% starch, 25% sucrose, 6% lactose, 3% fructose, 3% glucose and 0.5% glycogen

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22
Q

What is the order of fat intake in the DRV?

A

94% triglycerides, 4% phospholipids, 1% cholesterol

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23
Q

What is the proportion of saturated and unsaturated fat?

A

70g/ 20g

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24
Q

How much energy is stored as protein?

A

50g

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25
Q

How much energy is stored as fibre?

A

30g

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26
Q

How much energy is stored as salt?

A

Less than 6g

27
Q

What is the role of vitamin A?

A

vision and antioxidant against free radicals from drugs, smoking and UV radiation

28
Q

What is the role of vitamin K?

A

Blood clotting

29
Q

What is the role of vitamin D?

A

Bone health

30
Q

What is the role of vitamin E?

A

Fertility and antioxidant

31
Q

What is the role of vitamin B1?

A

Metabolism

32
Q

What is the role of Riboflavin, Niacin and Pantothenic acid?

A

It is B2, B3 and B5 resposnible for metabolism

33
Q

What is the role of vitamin B6 Pyridoxine?

A

Haemoglobin synthesis

34
Q

What is the role of folate?

A

Prescribed in pregnancy for DNA synthesis for development

35
Q

What is the role of colambin B12?

A

Haemoglobin synthesis

36
Q

What is the role of calcium?

A

Bone health

37
Q

What is the role of iodine?

A

Thyroid function

38
Q

What is the role of iron?

A

Haemopoetisis and function of red blood cells

39
Q

What is the role of sodium?

A

Osmotic balance

40
Q

What is the implication of fat deficiency?

A

Deficiency of fat-soluble Vitamin A, D and E. Vitamin E deficiency is the clear marker of issues with fat deficiency/absorption. Fat is a source of essential fatty acids for inflammation mediator production and wound healing.

41
Q

What is the implication of protein deficiency?

A

Brittle bones, thin hair, weak nails

42
Q

What is the implication of carb deficiency?

A

Fatigue, headaches, bad breath

43
Q

What is the implication of sodium deficiency?

A

Muscle cramping

44
Q

What is metabolism and subtypes?

A

Sum of all reactions in the body. Catabolism is the breakdown of large molecules and anabolism is the breakdown of small molecules.

45
Q

How long can glucose be used as a sole energy source?

46
Q

How long can glycogen be used as a sole energy source?

47
Q

How long can protein be used as a sole energy source?

48
Q

How long can trialglycerol be used as a sole energy source?

49
Q

Which molecules cannot be stored in the body?

A

Protein and alcohol

50
Q

What is order of fruit and veg intake?

A

Elderly, women, men and children

51
Q

Which cells do not progress onto the link reaction?

A

Red blood cells, medulla of kidney, Eye lens cells, Cells at injury sites, Tumour cells

52
Q

Which 6 amino acids can undergo deamination?

A

alanine, cystein, seurine, glycine, threonine and hypotrophane

53
Q

When does ketogenesis occur?

A

During starvation to provide brain with source of energy via soluble ketone bodies from high rates fatty acid oxidation. Occurs also when there is a high amount of acetyl coA entering Krebs

54
Q

What is the function of the pentose phosphate pathway?

A

Synthesis of NADP

55
Q

Why is the pentose phosphate pathway important for fatty acid?

A

NADPH is an important enzyme used for beta oxidation and fatty acid synthesis.

56
Q

What is ATP?

A

Unit of energy transfer

57
Q

What is BMR?

A

Energy needed to survive 24kcal/kg

58
Q

Which factors increase BMR?

A

Pregnancy, overweight, low temperature and exercise

59
Q

Which factors decrease BMR?

A

Starvation, age, high temperature and low activity

60
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in fatty acid oxidation?

A

cartinine transferase

61
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in fatty acid synthesis?

A

malonoyl coA synthase

62
Q

What happens in the fed state?

A

Excess glucose transported by VLDL to be converted into fat sores, amino acids converted into proteins in liver, glucose stored as glycogen

63
Q

What happens in the absorptive state?

A

Adipose stores undergo lipolysis, glycogenolysis, proteolysis of proteins into amino acids which undergo deamination, fatty acid oxidation

64
Q

What happens in the starvation state?

A

Ketogenesis of acetyl coA –> acetoacetate/acetone/B-hydroxybutylcoA

Year 1 (191 decks)

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