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Year 1 > Harvluck B8 W4 > Flashcards

Harvluck B8 W4 Flashcards

1
Q

Insulin effect

A

K+ accumulation and lipolysis which reduces availability of ketones for ketogenesis and ketoacidosis in skeletal muscle

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2
Q

Ketoacidosis

A

High levels of ketone bodies. Causes vasodilation which results in hypotension and hypothermia caused by insulin deficency

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3
Q

Incretin which reduces glucagon

A

Gastric Insulinotropic peptide (GIP) produced by Intestinal K cells. High levels of this in obesity

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4
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

ADH deficiency due to neurological or nephrogenic dysfunction

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5
Q

GLUT2 transporter

A

Protein on beta cells that causes rise in glucose

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6
Q

GLUT4 transporter

A

Protein on skeletal, adipose or vascular cells that takes up glucose.

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7
Q

Insulin receptor substrate 1

A

Phosphorylation triggers translocation of GLUT-4 to membrane for glucose uptake

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8
Q

Action of secretin

A

Produced by S cells of the duodenum. Secretin acts to cause conversion of ATP -> cAMP. This results in K+ channel and cAMP activated Cl- channel (CFTR) activation. There is great Cl- efflux which is recycled by the CL-/HC03- exchanger to cause bicarbonate secreiton of HCO3-.

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9
Q

LADA

A

Absence of ketoacidosis.

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10
Q

Inactive storage form of insulin

A

Hexameric insulin

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11
Q

Difference between insulin intravenous vs orally

A

Incretin effect is increased insulin production higher in oral than IV.

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12
Q

Type 1 diabetes genetic association

A

Mutation in immunoregulatory genes and MHC

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13
Q

Active form of insulin

A

Monomeric insulin

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14
Q

What triggers type 1 diabetes?

A

Childhood enterovirus that cause bystander activation and molecular mimicry

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15
Q

What gives free-flow for bicarbonates?

A

Water- a lack of this in cystic fibrosis causes autodigestion

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16
Q

Effect of GLP-1

A

Enhances insulin secretion. Increase pancreatic delta cell release of somatostatin, increases Na+ excretion from kidney and reduces inflammation. Cardioprotective due to reduced fatty acid metabolism.

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17
Q

Cause of neonatal diabetes

A

Genetic mutation in insulin production

18
Q

Metformin mechanism of action

A

cAMP

19
Q

Slow GLP-1 analogue

A

Liraglutide

20
Q

What causes production of gut hormones?

A

Food being ingested and moving through GI tract

21
Q

Macrovascular complications of diabetes

A

Kidney disease, hypertension and atherosclerosis of major arteries of the heart

22
Q

Effect of insulin on receptors

A

Phosphorylation on G protein coupled receptor

23
Q

Adverse effect of SGTL2 inhibiotr

A

Increased genitourinary infection

24
Q

Cytokines chronically activated in type 2 diabetes

A

TNF alpha and IL-6- this is due to ceramide which causes insulin resistance

25
Q

Cells that produce ghrelin

A

Stomach and pancreatic epsilon cells

26
Q

Golgi body

A

Organelle where proinsulinn matures into active insulin via action of endopeptidases

27
Q

Formation of glucagon

A

Action of proprotein convertase cleaving proglucagon in alpha cells

28
Q

Thiazolidinediones

A

PPAR gamma agonist

29
Q

What causes insulin release exocytosis?

A

Metabolic and vagal nerve stimualtion

30
Q

Role of bicarbonate

A

Reduce acidity of chyme in duodenum

31
Q

Long-acting GLP-1 analogue

A

Exenatide

32
Q

Effect of somatostatin

A

Neuropeptide and gastirc peptide produced after eating. Inhibits glucagon and insulin release and exocrine pancreatic functions

33
Q

Main killer of beta cells

A

CD8+

34
Q

Free fatty acids

A

Cause fat oxidation in mitochondria that produes reactive oxygen species which cause oxidative stress. Produces ceramides for kinase PKB/ Akt which reduces GLUT4 movement to membrane and glycogen synthesis.

35
Q

Condition associated with Type 1 diabetes

A

Diabetic nephropathy where high glucose causes glomerulus malfunction and leakage of protein that cause scar tissue and cause kidney failure. Occurs in type 2.

36
Q

Glucose entry

A

Increases intracellular ATP for depolarisation which opens Ca2+ channels and causes insulin exocytosis

37
Q

What is Phase 1?

A

Beta cells that die by natural causes or infection undergo apoptosis and removed by macorphages. Instead, natural dendritic cells enter and activate to take them up and present to B and T cells.

38
Q

Phase 2

A

Priming of auto-reactive B and T cells with a balance between regulation and activation. The cells move from pancreatic lymph node into the pancreatic islets.

39
Q

Pancreatic cells secreting somatostatin

A

Delta cells

40
Q

Effects of severe insulin deficiency

A

Increased growth hormone levels, cortisol levels and increased glucagon levels

41
Q

Osmotic diuresis

A

Increased urination which increases loss of sodium

Year 1 (191 decks)

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