B3 W3 Flashcards
Cholelithiasis
Gallstones in the gallbladder
Choledocholithiasis
Gallstones blocking the common bile duct
Arcuate line
Change in the rectus sheath between the umbilicus and pubic symphysis which allows the inferior gastric artery to enter
Conjoint tendon
Formed by the aponeurosis of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis
Pectinate line
Change in histology in the anal canal from simple columnar to stratified squamous epithelia
Meckel’s diverticulum
Found in the ileocecal junction, it is the Embryological remnant of the vitelline duct. Vitelline duct allows communication between the yolk sac and midgut.
Peyer’s patches
Lymphoid tissue present in the small intestine
Re-esterfication
Joining of lipid products in epithelial cells to form phospholipid, cholesterol and TAG. It is the opposite of lipolysis and occurs at rest.
Omentum
Peritoneum connecting organs to organs
Ileum features
More fat in mesentery, many Peyer’s patches, short vasa recta, more arterial arcades.
Jejunum features
Less fat, long vasa recta, fewer arcades and prominent plicae circularis
Inguinal canal
Passageway through the abdominal wall to external genitalia
Anterior wall of inguinal canal
Aponeurosis of external oblique
Linoleic acid
Polyunsaturated fatty acid of omega-6 with anti-carcinogenic effect
Source of lipase in the GI tract
Mouth, Pancreas and Stomach
Greater omentum
Extends from the greater curvature of the stomach to D1 and covers most of the intestines
Lesser omentum
Extends from the lesser curvature of the stomach
Mesentery
Peritoneum connects intestine to abdominal wall
Role of the muscles of the abdomen
Flexion and extension of the thorax and thigh
Cholesterol
Metabolised into bile acid. This is conjugated with glycine and taurine to form bile salt
Abdominal wall muscles
Move the trunk and support intestines
Taenia coli
3 longitudinal bands of muscle
Hepatic flexure
Right colic flexure which continues from ascending colon
Plicae circularis
Folds in mucosa of jejunum to increase SA for absorption
Foregut
Ends at the proximal duodenum
Retroperitoneal organs
2nd and 3rd duodenum, ascending colon, descending colon, aorta, IVC, ureter, pancreas and adrenal glands
Intraperitoneal organs
Jejunum, ileum, transverse colon, sigmoid colon, stomach, spleen liver
What assists with lipase digestion of bile salts?
Colipase
Lesser sac
Lies behind the lesser omentum
Greater sac
Cavity posterior to the greater omentum which consists of supracolic and infracolic compartment
Left colic flexure
Splenic flexure
Pigment stone
Formed of calcium salt and unconjugated bilirubin and biliverdin
Gallstone
Formed of hardened cholesterol
What are the primary bile acids?
Cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid
What are secondary bile acids?
Produced by bacterial action in the intestines
What supplies the hindgut?
Inferior mesenteric artery
Which germ layer gives rise to the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems?
Endoderm
Appendices epiploicae?
Small fatty sacs attached to the walls of the large intestine
Enterohepatic circulation
Cycling of bile and drugs from the liver to the small intestines and back to the liver
Omega-3 fatty acids
Important for blood clotting
Anocutaenous line
Transition anal line from non-keratinising stratified squamous epithelia to stratified keratinisng squamous epithelia
Posterior wall of inguinal canal
Transversalis fascia
Anterior wall of inguinal canal
Aponeurosis of external oblique
Roof of inguinal canal
Internal oblique, transversus abdominis, transversalis fascia
Floor of inguinal canal
Inguinal ligament
What forms the inguinal ligament?
Aponeurosis of the external oblique.
What coats emulsion particles to prevent re-aggregation?
Bile salts
Apoproteins
Bound to re-esterified lipids inside epithelial cells. It produces chylomicrons
What passes through the inguinal canal?
Round ligament and spermatic cord
Micelle
Spherical complex which contain products of lipid digestion and release products of absorption at apical brush border
Ebner’s glands
Secretes lingual lipase for digestion of fat in upper GI
Posterior abdominal wall muscles
Quadratus lumborum and psoas major
Where are bile salts reabsorbed and recycled?
Ileum
Cori cycle
Lactate produced in the muscles is transported to the liver for gluconeogenesis
Action of liver on carbohydrates
Biosynthesis, conversion and degradation, storage
Ketone bodies
Products of incomplete fat digestion
Endogenous pathway
VLDL and LDL transports and distributes lipids in the body
Exogenous pathway
Chylomicrons clear dietary lipids via the lacteal duct system to deliver to liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue.
Chylomicrons
Lipoprotein which carries triglycerides from small intestines to the liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue via the exogenous pathway through the lacteal duct -> thoracic duct
VLDL
Produced by the liver and has the highest amount of triglycerides which is transported to the body’s tissues
IDL
Formed from the uptake of triglycerides from VLDL by muscles and adipose tissue.
LDL
Produced by the liver and has the highest amount of cholesterol to transport to the body’s tissues.
HDL
Produced by the liver and small intestine. Has the highest lipid and protein content. Carries excess cholesterol from tissues back to liver
What is mature HDL?
HDL carrying cholesterol which is esterified by LCAT enzyme to form mature spherical HDL which is returned to the liver. It protects against atherosclerosis caused by LDL.
Reticuloendothelial system
System for erythropoeisis, phagocytic destruction and metabolism of iron and haem
Alanine cycle
Degradation of proteins from muscle transported to the liver for gluconeogenesis and urea as byproduct
Falciform ligament
Suspends liver from diaphragm and separates liver into left and right lobe
Ventral mesogastrium
Consists of falciform ligament and lesser omentum
Dorsal mesogastrium
Suspends the stomach from posterior wall
Which hormones promote gluconeogenesis?
Cortisol, glucagon and adrenaline
