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Year 1 > B3 W3 > Flashcards

B3 W3 Flashcards

1
Q

Cholelithiasis

A

Gallstones in the gallbladder

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2
Q

Choledocholithiasis

A

Gallstones blocking the common bile duct

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3
Q

Arcuate line

A

Change in the rectus sheath between the umbilicus and pubic symphysis which allows the inferior gastric artery to enter

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4
Q

Conjoint tendon

A

Formed by the aponeurosis of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis

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5
Q

Pectinate line

A

Change in histology in the anal canal from simple columnar to stratified squamous epithelia

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6
Q

Meckel’s diverticulum

A

Found in the ileocecal junction, it is the Embryological remnant of the vitelline duct. Vitelline duct allows communication between the yolk sac and midgut.

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7
Q

Peyer’s patches

A

Lymphoid tissue present in the small intestine

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8
Q

Re-esterfication

A

Joining of lipid products in epithelial cells to form phospholipid, cholesterol and TAG. It is the opposite of lipolysis and occurs at rest.

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9
Q

Omentum

A

Peritoneum connecting organs to organs

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10
Q

Ileum features

A

More fat in mesentery, many Peyer’s patches, short vasa recta, more arterial arcades.

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11
Q

Jejunum features

A

Less fat, long vasa recta, fewer arcades and prominent plicae circularis

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12
Q

Inguinal canal

A

Passageway through the abdominal wall to external genitalia

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13
Q

Anterior wall of inguinal canal

A

Aponeurosis of external oblique

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14
Q

Linoleic acid

A

Polyunsaturated fatty acid of omega-6 with anti-carcinogenic effect

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15
Q

Source of lipase in the GI tract

A

Mouth, Pancreas and Stomach

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16
Q

Greater omentum

A

Extends from the greater curvature of the stomach to D1 and covers most of the intestines

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17
Q

Lesser omentum

A

Extends from the lesser curvature of the stomach

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18
Q

Mesentery

A

Peritoneum connects intestine to abdominal wall

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19
Q

Role of the muscles of the abdomen

A

Flexion and extension of the thorax and thigh

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20
Q

Cholesterol

A

Metabolised into bile acid. This is conjugated with glycine and taurine to form bile salt

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21
Q

Abdominal wall muscles

A

Move the trunk and support intestines

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22
Q

Taenia coli

A

3 longitudinal bands of muscle

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23
Q

Hepatic flexure

A

Right colic flexure which continues from ascending colon

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24
Q

Plicae circularis

A

Folds in mucosa of jejunum to increase SA for absorption

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25
Q

Foregut

A

Ends at the proximal duodenum

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26
Q

Retroperitoneal organs

A

2nd and 3rd duodenum, ascending colon, descending colon, aorta, IVC, ureter, pancreas and adrenal glands

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27
Q

Intraperitoneal organs

A

Jejunum, ileum, transverse colon, sigmoid colon, stomach, spleen liver

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28
Q

What assists with lipase digestion of bile salts?

A

Colipase

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29
Q

Lesser sac

A

Lies behind the lesser omentum

30
Q

Greater sac

A

Cavity posterior to the greater omentum which consists of supracolic and infracolic compartment

31
Q

Left colic flexure

A

Splenic flexure

32
Q

Pigment stone

A

Formed of calcium salt and unconjugated bilirubin and biliverdin

33
Q

Gallstone

A

Formed of hardened cholesterol

34
Q

What are the primary bile acids?

A

Cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid

35
Q

What are secondary bile acids?

A

Produced by bacterial action in the intestines

36
Q

What supplies the hindgut?

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

37
Q

Which germ layer gives rise to the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems?

A

Endoderm

38
Q

Appendices epiploicae?

A

Small fatty sacs attached to the walls of the large intestine

39
Q

Enterohepatic circulation

A

Cycling of bile and drugs from the liver to the small intestines and back to the liver

40
Q

Omega-3 fatty acids

A

Important for blood clotting

41
Q

Anocutaenous line

A

Transition anal line from non-keratinising stratified squamous epithelia to stratified keratinisng squamous epithelia

42
Q

Posterior wall of inguinal canal

A

Transversalis fascia

43
Q

Anterior wall of inguinal canal

A

Aponeurosis of external oblique

44
Q

Roof of inguinal canal

A

Internal oblique, transversus abdominis, transversalis fascia

45
Q

Floor of inguinal canal

A

Inguinal ligament

46
Q

What forms the inguinal ligament?

A

Aponeurosis of the external oblique.

47
Q

What coats emulsion particles to prevent re-aggregation?

A

Bile salts

48
Q

Apoproteins

A

Bound to re-esterified lipids inside epithelial cells. It produces chylomicrons

49
Q

What passes through the inguinal canal?

A

Round ligament and spermatic cord

50
Q

Micelle

A

Spherical complex which contain products of lipid digestion and release products of absorption at apical brush border

51
Q

Ebner’s glands

A

Secretes lingual lipase for digestion of fat in upper GI

52
Q

Posterior abdominal wall muscles

A

Quadratus lumborum and psoas major

53
Q

Where are bile salts reabsorbed and recycled?

A

Ileum

54
Q

Cori cycle

A

Lactate produced in the muscles is transported to the liver for gluconeogenesis

55
Q

Action of liver on carbohydrates

A

Biosynthesis, conversion and degradation, storage

56
Q

Ketone bodies

A

Products of incomplete fat digestion

57
Q

Endogenous pathway

A

VLDL and LDL transports and distributes lipids in the body

58
Q

Exogenous pathway

A

Chylomicrons clear dietary lipids via the lacteal duct system to deliver to liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue.

59
Q

Chylomicrons

A

Lipoprotein which carries triglycerides from small intestines to the liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue via the exogenous pathway through the lacteal duct -> thoracic duct

60
Q

VLDL

A

Produced by the liver and has the highest amount of triglycerides which is transported to the body’s tissues

61
Q

IDL

A

Formed from the uptake of triglycerides from VLDL by muscles and adipose tissue.

62
Q

LDL

A

Produced by the liver and has the highest amount of cholesterol to transport to the body’s tissues.

63
Q

HDL

A

Produced by the liver and small intestine. Has the highest lipid and protein content. Carries excess cholesterol from tissues back to liver

64
Q

What is mature HDL?

A

HDL carrying cholesterol which is esterified by LCAT enzyme to form mature spherical HDL which is returned to the liver. It protects against atherosclerosis caused by LDL.

65
Q

Reticuloendothelial system

A

System for erythropoeisis, phagocytic destruction and metabolism of iron and haem

66
Q

Alanine cycle

A

Degradation of proteins from muscle transported to the liver for gluconeogenesis and urea as byproduct

67
Q

Falciform ligament

A

Suspends liver from diaphragm and separates liver into left and right lobe

68
Q

Ventral mesogastrium

A

Consists of falciform ligament and lesser omentum

69
Q

Dorsal mesogastrium

A

Suspends the stomach from posterior wall

70
Q

Which hormones promote gluconeogenesis?

A

Cortisol, glucagon and adrenaline

Year 1 (191 decks)

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