Block 5 PBL extras

Question 1

Where do the pyramidal tracts originate?

Answer 1

Cerebral cortex and consists of the corticospinal tract and corticobulbar tract

Question 2

What is the corticobulbar tract?

Answer 2

Carries upper motor neuron input to motor nuclei of cranial nerves like trigeminal nerve.

Question 3

What is the criteria for determining brain death?

Answer 3

Patient must be unconsicous and fail to respond to outside stimulation and inability to breathe independently. It needs to be diagnosed by 2 doctors, at least one being a senior doctor. Must rule out hypothermia and drug overdose and hypothyroidism. We can perform the cranial nerve tests and they are declared brain dead if they fail to respond to all the tests.

Question 4

Where do the extrapyramidal tracts originate?

Answer 4

Originates in the brainstem, consists of the rubrospinal, reticulospinal and vestibulospinal and tectospinal

Question 5

What is the role of the rubrospinal tract?

Answer 5

Response of the muscle flexors

Question 6

What is the interzone area?

Answer 6

Where cartilage is formed and joint forms in between to connect the two bones.

Question 7

What is developmental dysplasia?

Answer 7

When the ball and socket of the hip is too shallow to keep the femoral head in place so the hip joint is loose. It can be identified by the angle of the acetabulum It is common in girls, firstborn children and babies born in breech position.

Question 8

What is the classification of developmental dysplasia?

Answer 8

Subluxatable: partially displaced
Dislocatable II, can fully be displaced
Subluxed: femoral head is partially outside acetabulum
Dislocated IV: femoral head is completely outside the acetabulum

Question 9

What are the social impacts of losing dominant arm function?

Answer 9

Frustration with previously easy tasks being challenging. Adjustment and loss of confidence and independent.

Question 10

What is a radiculopathy?

Answer 10

Lesion in the nerve root

Question 11

What are the types of nerve root compression?

Answer 11

Lumbar nerve pain in the sciatic nerve compression in the lumbar vertebrae
Brachial neuralgia caused by compression of the brachial plexus of the cervical vertebrae

Question 12

What is a sprain?

Answer 12

Injuries to the ligament- commonly caused by improper lifting

Question 13

What is a strain?

Answer 13

Injury to the muscle or tendon

Question 14

What is osteoarthritis?

Answer 14

Mechanical disease of the synovial articulation of bone where the joints and discs break down. It is not an autoimmune disease

Question 15

What is ankylosing spondylitis?

Answer 15

Autoimmune disease with arthritis of the spine, causing swelling of the vertebrae and spinal stiffness, The vertebrae may eventuallly fuse

Question 16

What is the role of the parietal lobe?

Answer 16

Contains the somatosensory cortex for touch, taste and hearing

Question 17

What is the sensory association area?

Answer 17

Sensory association area which interprets sensory stimuli

Question 18

What is the supplementary motor area?

Answer 18

Programmes complex sequences and co-ordinates bilateral movement

Question 19

What is Wernick’s area?

Answer 19

Wernick’s area: comprehension of speech

Question 20

What is Broca’s area

Answer 20

Broca’s area: Vocalisation of speech

Question 21

What is the role of the frontal lobe?

Answer 21

Frontal lobe is important for cognition, decision making and planning.

Question 22

What is the role of parietal lobe?

Answer 22

Parietal contains the somatosensory cortex for sensation like taste and proprioception.

Question 23

What is the role of temporal lobe?

Answer 23

Temporal lobe is responsible for auditory information and memory.

Question 24

What is the role of the occipital lobe?

Answer 24

Occipital is responsible for vision.

Question 25

What is the folia?

Answer 25

Grey matter

Question 26

What are the peduncles?

Answer 26

White matter tracts

Question 27

What is the inferior olive?

Answer 27

Projects as climbing fibres to the cerebellum for motor planning and correct motor error

Question 28

What is an efference copy?

Answer 28

Motor signal which predicts sensory consequences of action from the cerebellum

Question 29

What is clonus?

Answer 29

Involuntary rhythmic muscular contraction and relaxation caused by UMN lesion

Question 30

lesion to pre-motor cortex

Answer 30

Contralateral spasticity and increased deep tendon reflex

Question 31

Hemiparesis

Answer 31

Weakness in one side of the body

Question 32

Aphasia

Answer 32

Difficulty with speech or language. Caused by damage to Broca’s area or middle cerebral artery

Question 33

Lesion to anterior cerebral artery

Answer 33

Disruption of arterial blood supply in this cerebral artery may result in: Contralateral lower limb weakness or hemiplegia or Contralateral cortical-type sensory loss or Frontal lobe behaviour abnormalities o Contralateral hemineglect

Question 34

Lesion to middle cerebral artery

Answer 34

Disruption of arterial blood supply in this cerebral artery may result in: o Contralateral upper limb weakness o Hemianaesthesia o Homonymous hemianopia o Global aphasia o Profound contralateral hemineglect o Ipsilateral gaze preference o Anosognosia (decreased self awareness)

Question 35

Lesion to posterior cerebral artery

Answer 35

Disruption of arterial blood supply in this cerebral artery may result in: o Contralateral homonymous hemianopia o Larger infarcts including the thalamus and internal capsule may cause contralateral hemisensory loss and hemiparesis o Aphasia

Question 36

What are the dural venous sinuses?

Answer 36

Large veins in the dura mater that drain the cranium. Consists of the superior and inferior saggital vein, superior and inferior petrosal vein, occipital vein, transverse vein and sigmoid vein