Block 5 PBL extras Flashcards
Where do the pyramidal tracts originate?
Cerebral cortex and consists of the corticospinal tract and corticobulbar tract
What is the corticobulbar tract?
Carries upper motor neuron input to motor nuclei of cranial nerves like trigeminal nerve.
What is the criteria for determining brain death?
Patient must be unconsicous and fail to respond to outside stimulation and inability to breathe independently. It needs to be diagnosed by 2 doctors, at least one being a senior doctor. Must rule out hypothermia and drug overdose and hypothyroidism. We can perform the cranial nerve tests and they are declared brain dead if they fail to respond to all the tests.
Where do the extrapyramidal tracts originate?
Originates in the brainstem, consists of the rubrospinal, reticulospinal and vestibulospinal and tectospinal
What is the role of the rubrospinal tract?
Response of the muscle flexors
What is the interzone area?
Where cartilage is formed and joint forms in between to connect the two bones.
What is developmental dysplasia?
When the ball and socket of the hip is too shallow to keep the femoral head in place so the hip joint is loose. It can be identified by the angle of the acetabulum It is common in girls, firstborn children and babies born in breech position.
What is the classification of developmental dysplasia?
Subluxatable: partially displaced
Dislocatable II, can fully be displaced
Subluxed: femoral head is partially outside acetabulum
Dislocated IV: femoral head is completely outside the acetabulum
What are the social impacts of losing dominant arm function?
Frustration with previously easy tasks being challenging. Adjustment and loss of confidence and independent.
What is a radiculopathy?
Lesion in the nerve root
What are the types of nerve root compression?
Lumbar nerve pain in the sciatic nerve compression in the lumbar vertebrae
Brachial neuralgia caused by compression of the brachial plexus of the cervical vertebrae
What is a sprain?
Injuries to the ligament- commonly caused by improper lifting
What is a strain?
Injury to the muscle or tendon
What is osteoarthritis?
Mechanical disease of the synovial articulation of bone where the joints and discs break down. It is not an autoimmune disease
What is ankylosing spondylitis?
Autoimmune disease with arthritis of the spine, causing swelling of the vertebrae and spinal stiffness, The vertebrae may eventuallly fuse
What is the role of the parietal lobe?
Contains the somatosensory cortex for touch, taste and hearing
What is the sensory association area?
Sensory association area which interprets sensory stimuli
What is the supplementary motor area?
Programmes complex sequences and co-ordinates bilateral movement
What is Wernick’s area?
Wernick’s area: comprehension of speech
What is Broca’s area
Broca’s area: Vocalisation of speech
What is the role of the frontal lobe?
Frontal lobe is important for cognition, decision making and planning.
What is the role of parietal lobe?
Parietal contains the somatosensory cortex for sensation like taste and proprioception.
What is the role of temporal lobe?
Temporal lobe is responsible for auditory information and memory.
What is the role of the occipital lobe?
Occipital is responsible for vision.
What is the folia?
Grey matter
What are the peduncles?
White matter tracts
What is the inferior olive?
Projects as climbing fibres to the cerebellum for motor planning and correct motor error
What is an efference copy?
Motor signal which predicts sensory consequences of action from the cerebellum
What is clonus?
Involuntary rhythmic muscular contraction and relaxation caused by UMN lesion
lesion to pre-motor cortex
Contralateral spasticity and increased deep tendon reflex
Hemiparesis
Weakness in one side of the body
Aphasia
Difficulty with speech or language. Caused by damage to Broca’s area or middle cerebral artery
Lesion to anterior cerebral artery
Disruption of arterial blood supply in this cerebral artery may result in: Contralateral lower limb weakness or hemiplegia or Contralateral cortical-type sensory loss or Frontal lobe behaviour abnormalities o Contralateral hemineglect
Lesion to middle cerebral artery
Disruption of arterial blood supply in this cerebral artery may result in: o Contralateral upper limb weakness o Hemianaesthesia o Homonymous hemianopia o Global aphasia o Profound contralateral hemineglect o Ipsilateral gaze preference o Anosognosia (decreased self awareness)
Lesion to posterior cerebral artery
Disruption of arterial blood supply in this cerebral artery may result in: o Contralateral homonymous hemianopia o Larger infarcts including the thalamus and internal capsule may cause contralateral hemisensory loss and hemiparesis o Aphasia
What are the dural venous sinuses?
Large veins in the dura mater that drain the cranium. Consists of the superior and inferior saggital vein, superior and inferior petrosal vein, occipital vein, transverse vein and sigmoid vein
