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Year 1 > B5 W1 > Flashcards

B5 W1 Flashcards

1
Q

Mater with squamous and cuboidal cells

A

Pia mater-it is highly vascularised and supplies oxygen to the spinal cord and has membrane extensions called the denticulate ligaments

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2
Q

Membranous extension of the pia mater

A

Denticulate ligament which articulates with the arachnoid mater and the dura mater to protect the spinal cord from sudden displacement

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3
Q

Bone morphogenic proteins

A

Secreted by the overlying ectoderm to induce alar plate to develop sensory neurons

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4
Q

Midbrain and cerebral aqueducts are derived from…

A

Mesencephalon

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5
Q

Causes of hypocalcemia

A

Renal failure, vitamin D deficiency, premature Vitamin D/thyroid gland

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6
Q

Mantle zone

A

Zone which makes up future grey matter, with neuroblasts surrounding the neuroepithelia

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7
Q

Sensory branch of spinal nerve

A

Dorsal root

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8
Q

During bone remodelling, which bone types are replaced?

A

Compact bone replaces spongy bone at the peripheries

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9
Q

Zone of the epiphyseal plate with dead, calcified chondrocytes

A

Zone of calcified cartilage

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10
Q

Zone in epiphyseal plate with scattered chondrocytes

A

Zone of resting cartilage

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11
Q

Connective tissue lining the medullary cavity

A

Endosteum

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12
Q

Reactive phase

A

Early inflammatory phase where haematoma forms and phagocytes and osteoclasts remove damaged tissue

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13
Q

Division of the nervous system for the special senses

A

Sensory division of the somatic nervous system

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14
Q

Pharyngeal arch innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve

A

Arch 3

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15
Q

Axons/collection of nerve fibres in CNS

A

White matter

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16
Q

Axons/ collection of nerve fibres in PNS

A

Nerves

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17
Q

Collection of axons in CNS

A

Tracts

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18
Q

Collections of axons in the PNS

A

Fasiculi

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19
Q

Opening in bone which allows blood and lymphatic vessels to pass through

A

Haversian canal

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20
Q

Hormone released to lower calcium levels in response to high calcium plasma

A

Calcitonin- from parafollicular c cells of the thyroid gland

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21
Q

Unit of bone with lamallae in concentric circles around Haversian canal

A

Osteon

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22
Q

Cranial nerve innervating pharyngeal arch 4 and 6?

A

Vagus nerve

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23
Q

Mesoderm area which is required for pattern formation along the anterior-posterior axis of limb

A

Zone of polarising activity

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24
Q

1, 25 (OH)2 D3

A

Increases osteolysis and osteoclast formation, Increases calcium and phosphate absorption in small intestine.

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25
Q

Formation of a fibrocartilage callus

A

Reparative phase

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26
Q

Patient moves with short, accelerating steps on tip toe, with flexed trunk

A

Parkinsonian gait

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27
Q

Mixed cranial nerve

A

Trigeminal, facial nerve, glossopharyngeal, vagus

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28
Q

Osteomalacia causes

A

Softening of the bone- Anticonvulsants which cause malabsorption, Calcium/vitamin D deficiency, malnutrition

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29
Q

Limb-bud organising region

A

Apical limb bud

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30
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Mesenchymal tissue is condensed into bone which forms the flat bones like the scapula and cranium

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31
Q

How is the trabeculae thickened?

A

Subperiosteal and endosteal proliferation. Cell growth from deep periosteum with collar of active tissue encircling the site

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32
Q

Growth in thickness on peripheral surface

A

Appositional growth

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33
Q

Becomes motor neuron and ventral horn

A

Basal plate

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34
Q

Parathyroid hormone related protein

A

Regulates chondrocyte proliferation and causes excess calcium in blood by acting as endogenous PTH

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35
Q

Patterning genes for vertebrae

A

Hox genes

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36
Q

Primary bone in both embryological development and the first temporary bone to be laid in fracture reapir

A

Woven bone

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37
Q

Cranial nerve innervating Pharyngeal Arch 2

A

Facial nerve

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38
Q

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

A

to increase osteolysis Response to hypocalcemia

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39
Q

Pharyngeal pouch forming thyroid gland and thymus

A

3rd pharyngeal pouch

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40
Q

Protein synthesis in neuronal cell bodies

A

Nissl bodies- clusters of RER

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41
Q

Precursor of Vitamin D in the skin

A

7-dehydrocholesterol later converted to Vitamin D3

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42
Q

Marginal zone

A

Future white matter zone with neuroblast axons projections

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43
Q

Spinal cord dervies from…

A

Neural tube

44
Q

Osteoclasts are derived from…

A

Monocytes

45
Q

Arises from the spinal cord and converges to form roots and then the ganglia

A

Rootlets

46
Q

Ectodermal placodes- thickening of the ectoderm

A

Cranial sensory neurons, olfactory epithelia and eye lens and epithelia

47
Q

Motor cranial nerves

A

Oculomotor, abducens, trochlear, accessory and hypoglossal nerve

48
Q

Pharyngeal pouch which forms the parathyroid glands and C cells

A

4th pharyngeal pouch

49
Q

Metencephalon

A

Superior 4th ventricle and Pons and cerebellum

50
Q

High stepping gait

A

Neuropathic gait

51
Q

Transmit blood from the periosteum to the Haversian canals

A

Volsmann’s

52
Q

Gives rise to neurones and glia, somatic ganglia and sensory neurons, suprarenal and chromaffin cells, sympathetic ganglia

A

Neural crest cells

53
Q

Neural crest cells

A

Pia and arachnoid mater, schwann cells, skeletal and connective tissue components of pharyngeal arch

54
Q

Site of 1-hydroxylation

A

Kidney

55
Q

Site of 25-hydroxylation

A

Liver

56
Q

Regulates serum phosphate levels

A

Parathyroid hormone released by chief cells of parathyroid gland in response to low calcium levels

57
Q

Mater formed of dense irregular connective tissue

A

Dura mater- continuous with epineurium

58
Q

Pharyngeal arch for the laryngeal cartilage eg cuneiform

A

4th pharyngeal arch

59
Q

Pharyngeal pouch for palatine tonsil lining

A

2nd

60
Q

Becomes the nucleus pulposus

A

Notochord

61
Q

Layer of hyaline cartilage which allows the bone to elongate

A

Epiphyseal growth plate

62
Q

Neural plate

A

Gives rise to the CNS, somatic motor nuclei and the pre-ganglionic autonomic nerves

63
Q

Hyaline cartilage is replaced by osteoblasts

A

Endochondral ossification

64
Q

Pharyngeal arch for hyoid

A

3rd pharyngeal arch

65
Q

Netrin

A

Chemoattractant in development for decassation of pain and sensory neuron

66
Q

Gait with hip dislocation or paralysis

A

Trendenleburg gait

67
Q

Becomes dorsal horn

A

Alar plate

68
Q

Canals which connect lacunae

A

Canaliculi

69
Q

Muscles of mastication, maxillary and mandibular prominence and neck muscle

A

1st pharyngeal arch

70
Q

Primary hyperthyroidism

A

Endocrine disease which causes hypercalcemia and leads to bone erosion and kidney stones

71
Q

Bone of the adult skeleton

A

Lamellar bone

72
Q

Telencephalon

A

Cerebral hemispheres and lateral ventricles

73
Q

Found in the subarachnoid space as shock absorber

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

74
Q

Lipofuscin in the soma

A

Yellow-brown pigment in lysosymes of cardiac myocytes and neurons

75
Q

Supports bundles of bony fibres in cancellous bone

A

Trabeculae bone

76
Q

Progenitor of osteoblasts

A

Osteoprogenitor cells found in canals and periosteum

77
Q

Zone which forms pluripotent neuroepithelial cells such as neuroblasts

A

Matrix zone

78
Q

Cells in CNS which produce myelin sheath

A

Oligodendrocytes

79
Q

Cells in PNS which produce myelin sheath

A

Schwann cells

80
Q

Myencephalon

A

Inferior 4th ventricle and medulla

81
Q

Hypercalcemia causes

A

Hypertyhroidism, hyperparathyroidism, malignancy, less excercise/immobility

82
Q

Notochord derviative

A

Mesoderm

83
Q

Decreased femoral neck

A

Coxa vara

84
Q

Develops into sensory neurons

A

Alar plate

85
Q

Growth zone during development

A

Metaphysis

86
Q

Pharyngeal pouch of eustachian tube and middle ear

A

1st

87
Q

Excessive outward spine curvature

A

Kyphosis

88
Q

No of sacral vertebrae

A

5

89
Q

Neuron netwrok in GI tract which regulate digestion

A

Enteric plexus

90
Q

Diencephalon

A

3rd ventricle, Thalamus and hypothalamus

91
Q

High stepping gait

A

Neuropathic gait due to peripheral nerve disease

92
Q

Pelvis drops to one side due to injury to the gluteal muscles

A

Trendenleburg gait

93
Q

Increased angle of the femur

A

Coxa valga

94
Q

Decreased angle of femur

A

Coxa vara which causes duck waddle gait

95
Q

Tibialis anterior

A

Dorsiflexion

96
Q

Kyphosis

A

Excessive outward curvature of the spine

97
Q

Cavities in bones containing osteocytes

A

Lacunae

98
Q

Treatment of osteoporosis

A

HRT, Vitamin D, calcitonin, raloxifene

99
Q

Cerebral aqueduct and midbrain

A

Mesencephalon

100
Q

Thalamus, hypothalamus and third ventricle

A

Diencephalon

101
Q

Cerebral hemispheres and lateral ventricles

A

Telencephalon

102
Q

Medulla and inferior 4th ventricle

A

Myelencephalon

103
Q

Pons and cerebellum and superior 4th ventricle

A

Metencephalon

104
Q

Motor cranial nerves

A

Accessory, hypoglossal, abducens, trochlear, oculomotor

105
Q

Sensory cranial nerves

A

Olfactory, vestibulocochlear and optic

Year 1 (191 decks)

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