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Year 1 > B3 W1 > Flashcards

B3 W1 Flashcards

1
Q

Cells between the villi that secretes antimicrobial enzymes

A

Paneth cells

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2
Q

Individual variation to drug is greater than Cp variation at that dose

A

Target concentration strategy

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3
Q

Released in response to fatty food to inhibit gastric secretion and stimulate biacarbonate secretion

A

CCK

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4
Q

Acetylcholine effect on the stomach

A

Binds to M3 receptors to increase Ca2+ signalling to activate the H+/k+ ATPase pump and increase gastric acid secretion

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5
Q

Epithelial cell which releases HCL and intrinsic factor

A

Oxyntic cells

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6
Q

Which folds form the posterior region of the mouth?

A

Palatoglossal folds

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7
Q

In response to glucose in the duodenum, stimulates release of insulin

A

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide

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8
Q

What medication is used to replaces lost prostaglandins?

A

Misoprostol

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9
Q

Which nerve supplies the anterior 2/3 tongue?

A

Lingual nerve

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10
Q

Which nerve supplies the extrinsic muscles?

A

Hypoglossal

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11
Q

Which nerve innervates the muscles of mastication?

A

Mandibular nerve

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12
Q

What innervates the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

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13
Q

Gastrin effects

A

Binds to CCK2 receptors on parietal cells to activate phospholipase C. This induces release of calcium for singlaling to activate the H+/K+ ATPase pump

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14
Q

Which part of the duodenum has the gastroduodenal artery and posteriorly common bile duct?

A

Superior

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15
Q

Which gastric cells secrete pepsinogen?

A

Chief cells

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16
Q

Which part of the duodenum has the Hepatopancreatic ampulla of vater?

A

Descending

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17
Q

Which muscle attaches to the lateral pterygoid plate and the neck of the mandible?

A

Lateral pterygoid muscle

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18
Q

Which muscle attaches to the lateral pterygoid plate and mandibular ramus?

A

Medial pterygoid

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19
Q

Which part of the duodenum has the duodenojejunal flexure?

A

Ascending

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20
Q

Salivary glands with mixed secretions

A

Submandibular and sublingual nerve

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21
Q

Alveolar nerve

A

Splits into a superior and inferior branch to supply the lower teeth

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22
Q

Muscles which change the shape of the tongue

A

Intrinsic muscles

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23
Q

Muscles which connect the tongue to the skull for movement

A

Extrinsic muscles

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24
Q

Upper oesophageal sphincter

A

Formed of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle and cricopharyngeus muscle- controls the passage of food.

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25
Q

Lower oesophageal sphincter

A

At the gastro-oesophageal sphincter which passes through the right diaphragmatic crus. It is reinforced by the tracheal bifurcation and stomach cardia

26
Q

Regions of the stomach

A

Cardiac, fundus, pylorum and body

27
Q

Common bile duct and hepatopancreatic ampulla meet the duodenum in….

A

Descending duodenum. Contains bile and lipase to break down lipids, protease and amylase

28
Q

Which enzymes does the pancreas release?

A

Protease, amylase and lipase

29
Q

Which enzymes does the salivary secretions contain?

A

Amylase and lysosyme

30
Q

Which cells secrete pepsinogen?

A

Chief cells- pepisnogen is cleaved by gastric acid into pepsin

31
Q

Trypsinogen

A

Synthesised in the pancreas and released into the descending duodenum at the ampulla of Vater with chymotrypsinogen. It is cleaved by enteropeptidase and acivates protease precursors.

32
Q

Enteropeptidase/enterokinase

A

Synthesised by duodenal intestinal mucosa and cleaves trypsinogen into-> active trypsin

33
Q

What are dextrins?

A

Oligosaccharides present in carbohydrate rich foods containing 1,6 glycosidic bonds. These are digested by alpha dextrinase.

34
Q

Enzyme which breaks down starch

A

Amylase and alpha dextrinase

35
Q

Difference between amylase and alpha dextrinase

A

Amylase is produced by the pancreas and cleaves the 1,4 glycosidic bonds. Alpha- Dextrinase is produced from brush border
enzymes and cleaves the 1,6 glycosidic bonds in dextrins

36
Q

End products of alpha dextrinase

A

Brush border enzyme which brekas down glucose units from starch into glucose, fructose and galactose, working alongside the alpha-glucorinadase enzymes maltase, sucrase and lactase.

37
Q

Alpha glucosidase enzymes

A

Maltase, sucrase and lactase, synthesised in the brush border of small intestine

38
Q

Pancreatic amylase

A

Digests starch into maltose

39
Q

Aminopeptidases

A

Proteolytic enzyme synthesised in the small intestine which remove amino acids from the end of a protein

40
Q

What inhibits gastric acid secretion?

A

Stomach distention, somatostatin, secretin, serotonin, cholecystokinin

41
Q

Mucus secreting cells in the small intestine

A

Goblet cells

42
Q

Benefits of non-starch polysaccharides

A

Adsorb bile and cholesterol, increase gut viscosity and provide bacterial fermentation

43
Q

The way drugs reach different parts of the body

A

Distribution

44
Q

What property of a drug decreases Cmax but increases duration of action?

A

Slow absoprtion

45
Q

Target concentration

A

Individual variation is greater than Cp at a given dose

46
Q

Volume of distribution

A

Theoretical body volume a drug would occupy in the body to be equal to Cp.
Low Vd means Body volume < Cp

47
Q

What affects volume of distribution?

A

Decreases if drug is ionised because it is restricted to plasma. Equal if drug is lipophilic

48
Q

Synthetic prostaglandin

A

Misoprostol

49
Q

Number of permanent adult teeth

A

32

50
Q

Cephalic phase

A

Vagus nerve for detection of food via sight and smell and gastric acid is secreted in preparation

51
Q

Intestinal phase

A

Chyme enters duodenum

52
Q

Where does the parotid duct open?

A

Upper 2nd molar

53
Q

Ligament of Treitz

A

Stabilises the duodenojejunal flexure

54
Q

Acini

A

Secretory cells around ducts which release proteins and enzymes

55
Q

Functional unit of pancreas

A

Acinar

56
Q

Stomach cells which release hormones

A

Enteroendocrine cells- secretes somatostatin, secretin, histamine

57
Q

Which cell secretes histamine?

A

Enterochromaffin-like cells. These are a type of enteroendocrine cell.

58
Q

Retropulsion

A

Food in the stomach is too large to enter the pylorum and propelled back into the body of the stomach

59
Q

Transports glucose into cells

A

Sodium glucose transporter, against conc gradinet using ATP

60
Q

Weak base

A

Higher amounts when pH-pKA is more positive

61
Q

Weak acid

A

Higher amounts when pH-pKa is more negative

Year 1 (191 decks)

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