B3 W1 Flashcards
Cells between the villi that secretes antimicrobial enzymes
Paneth cells
Individual variation to drug is greater than Cp variation at that dose
Target concentration strategy
Released in response to fatty food to inhibit gastric secretion and stimulate biacarbonate secretion
CCK
Acetylcholine effect on the stomach
Binds to M3 receptors to increase Ca2+ signalling to activate the H+/k+ ATPase pump and increase gastric acid secretion
Epithelial cell which releases HCL and intrinsic factor
Oxyntic cells
Which folds form the posterior region of the mouth?
Palatoglossal folds
In response to glucose in the duodenum, stimulates release of insulin
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide
What medication is used to replaces lost prostaglandins?
Misoprostol
Which nerve supplies the anterior 2/3 tongue?
Lingual nerve
Which nerve supplies the extrinsic muscles?
Hypoglossal
Which nerve innervates the muscles of mastication?
Mandibular nerve
What innervates the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Gastrin effects
Binds to CCK2 receptors on parietal cells to activate phospholipase C. This induces release of calcium for singlaling to activate the H+/K+ ATPase pump
Which part of the duodenum has the gastroduodenal artery and posteriorly common bile duct?
Superior
Which gastric cells secrete pepsinogen?
Chief cells
Which part of the duodenum has the Hepatopancreatic ampulla of vater?
Descending
Which muscle attaches to the lateral pterygoid plate and the neck of the mandible?
Lateral pterygoid muscle
Which muscle attaches to the lateral pterygoid plate and mandibular ramus?
Medial pterygoid
Which part of the duodenum has the duodenojejunal flexure?
Ascending
Salivary glands with mixed secretions
Submandibular and sublingual nerve
Alveolar nerve
Splits into a superior and inferior branch to supply the lower teeth
Muscles which change the shape of the tongue
Intrinsic muscles
Muscles which connect the tongue to the skull for movement
Extrinsic muscles
Upper oesophageal sphincter
Formed of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle and cricopharyngeus muscle- controls the passage of food.
Lower oesophageal sphincter
At the gastro-oesophageal sphincter which passes through the right diaphragmatic crus. It is reinforced by the tracheal bifurcation and stomach cardia
Regions of the stomach
Cardiac, fundus, pylorum and body
Common bile duct and hepatopancreatic ampulla meet the duodenum in….
Descending duodenum. Contains bile and lipase to break down lipids, protease and amylase
Which enzymes does the pancreas release?
Protease, amylase and lipase
Which enzymes does the salivary secretions contain?
Amylase and lysosyme
Which cells secrete pepsinogen?
Chief cells- pepisnogen is cleaved by gastric acid into pepsin
Trypsinogen
Synthesised in the pancreas and released into the descending duodenum at the ampulla of Vater with chymotrypsinogen. It is cleaved by enteropeptidase and acivates protease precursors.
Enteropeptidase/enterokinase
Synthesised by duodenal intestinal mucosa and cleaves trypsinogen into-> active trypsin
What are dextrins?
Oligosaccharides present in carbohydrate rich foods containing 1,6 glycosidic bonds. These are digested by alpha dextrinase.
Enzyme which breaks down starch
Amylase and alpha dextrinase
Difference between amylase and alpha dextrinase
Amylase is produced by the pancreas and cleaves the 1,4 glycosidic bonds. Alpha- Dextrinase is produced from brush border
enzymes and cleaves the 1,6 glycosidic bonds in dextrins
End products of alpha dextrinase
Brush border enzyme which brekas down glucose units from starch into glucose, fructose and galactose, working alongside the alpha-glucorinadase enzymes maltase, sucrase and lactase.
Alpha glucosidase enzymes
Maltase, sucrase and lactase, synthesised in the brush border of small intestine
Pancreatic amylase
Digests starch into maltose
Aminopeptidases
Proteolytic enzyme synthesised in the small intestine which remove amino acids from the end of a protein
What inhibits gastric acid secretion?
Stomach distention, somatostatin, secretin, serotonin, cholecystokinin
Mucus secreting cells in the small intestine
Goblet cells
Benefits of non-starch polysaccharides
Adsorb bile and cholesterol, increase gut viscosity and provide bacterial fermentation
The way drugs reach different parts of the body
Distribution
What property of a drug decreases Cmax but increases duration of action?
Slow absoprtion
Target concentration
Individual variation is greater than Cp at a given dose
Volume of distribution
Theoretical body volume a drug would occupy in the body to be equal to Cp.
Low Vd means Body volume < Cp
What affects volume of distribution?
Decreases if drug is ionised because it is restricted to plasma. Equal if drug is lipophilic
Synthetic prostaglandin
Misoprostol
Number of permanent adult teeth
32
Cephalic phase
Vagus nerve for detection of food via sight and smell and gastric acid is secreted in preparation
Intestinal phase
Chyme enters duodenum
Where does the parotid duct open?
Upper 2nd molar
Ligament of Treitz
Stabilises the duodenojejunal flexure
Acini
Secretory cells around ducts which release proteins and enzymes
Functional unit of pancreas
Acinar
Stomach cells which release hormones
Enteroendocrine cells- secretes somatostatin, secretin, histamine
Which cell secretes histamine?
Enterochromaffin-like cells. These are a type of enteroendocrine cell.
Retropulsion
Food in the stomach is too large to enter the pylorum and propelled back into the body of the stomach
Transports glucose into cells
Sodium glucose transporter, against conc gradinet using ATP
Weak base
Higher amounts when pH-pKA is more positive
Weak acid
Higher amounts when pH-pKa is more negative
