B4 W2 Flashcards
Cells in connective tissue which produce cytokines and costimulatory molecules
Dendritic cells
Light is shined through sample to test platelet clotting
Platelet aggregometry
Which inflammatory mediators are synthesised in all leukocytes?
Leukotrienes and oxygen species
Dense granules
Granules containing vasoconstrictive agents, platelet antagonists and Ca2+ and Mg2+
Resolvins E-series
Anti inflammatory mediators from omega-3 which clear mucosa and target mucosal epithelial cells and neutrophils
What does partial thromboplastin time (PTT) test?
Intrinsic pathway coagulation
Isotype
Antibody class Encoded by constant region of IgG gene and form FC and Fab of antibody
What does PT time test?
Extrinsic pathway coagulation
Isotype
Classification of antibodies, encoded by the constant region of Ig gene and form Fc and Fab
Immunotherapeutic antibodies
Immune checkpoint inhibitors
MHC Class II
Carries peptides in endosomes to present antigen to CD4+ T cell. survey for exogenous pathogens
MHC Class I vs Class II structure
Both are heterodimers consisting of alpha and beta chain. Class I has only a single transmembrane portion which is alpha. Class II has both alpha and beta as transmembrane.
MHC Class which uses protesome to present antigen
MHC Class I- expressed on all nucleated cells to alert immune system to virally infected cells
Factor Ia
Fibrin
What do mast cells release?
Histamine, prostaglandins, leukotrienes
Immunogoblin with secretory component. It occurs as monomer and dimer
IgA which provides localised protection of mucous membranes against bacteria and virus via proteolytic digestion.
Pentameric antibody
IgM- First antibody class to be secreted by plasma cells and causes agglutination and lysis
Platelet adhesion vs platelet plug
Platelet adhesion is first step where it attaches to the subendothelial layer. It is part of the Platelet plug formation when there is platelet interactions to form a clot
Inflammatory mediator produced by all leukocytes and endothelial cells
Platelet activating factor
Factor activated by thrombin which combines with fibrin to form clot
Factor XIII
Factor which activates thrombin
Factor X
Factor IIa
Thrombin
Anti-platelet drug which inhibits ADP
Clopidogrel
Tubes which allow platelet granules to move and be secreted
Surface connected open canalicular system
Haemophilia caused by Factor VIII deficiency
Haemophilia A
Which cells secrete Nitric oxide?
Endothelial cells and macrophages
Factor I
Fibrinogen
Drugs targeted to COX-2
Coxibs which allow for anti-inflammatory effects and minimise gastric problems
Deficient acquired immune response due to defect in enzyme for somatic recombination
Severe chronic immunodeficiency
Clotting disorder with deficient factor IX
Haemophilia B
Factor II
Pro-thrombin
Pre-formed inflammatory mediator in secretory granules of neutrophils and macrophages
Lysosymal enzymes
T cell against helminths
CD4+ Th2 cells
Where is serotonin synthesised and stored?
Platelets
Side effects of NSAIDS
Abdominal discomfort, ulcers and myocardial infarction
Inactive T cells
Senescent, anergic, exhausted
NO-NSAID
Celecoxib which has gastroprotective effect but it increases hyperkalaemia and bleeding
Which cells synthesis leukotrienes?
All WBCS
Which area is the high affinity selection centre in B cells?
Light zone in germinal centre where B cells with antibodies for high affinity to the antibody are selected following antigen contact in the follicle. In the dark zone, point mutations introduced in the V segment in order to increase the antibody affinity for clonal differentiation. This uses the enzyme activated cytidine deaminase in a process called somatic hypermutation.
Site of somatic hypermutation
Dark zones of germinal centre
T cell which enhances intracellular pathogen destruction
CD4+ Th1 cells and CD8+ T cells
Thromboxane A2
Causes platelet activation and aggregation and vasoconstriction and thrombosis
Aspirin indication
Ischaemia, angina, MI
Role of vitamin K
Carboxylate glutamic residues
Vitamin K- factor synthesis
Factor II, VII, IX and X rely on this
Fragment crystallisable
Functional capacity of antibody
Platelet agonists in dense granules
ADP and ATP
Is PT or PTT affected with decreased platelet function?
Both- caused by Thrombocytopenia, vWF disease
How is factor X activated?
Factor VIII and Factor IX
COX-2 activation
Activated by inflammatory stimuli
Enzyme which converts phospholipids to arachidionic acid
Phospholipase A
COX enzyme which is constantly active
COX-1
Coagulation test for extrinsic pathway
Prothrombin time
Defective factor VII, IX, XI, XII, vwF or lupus anticoagulant
Normal PT, prolonged PTT
Enzyme responsible for somatic hypermutation
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase- also responsible for class switching
Factor II
Thrombin
Lymphoid tissue with no incoming lymphatic vessels
MALT
Number/strength of multiple antigenic determinants an individual antibody can bind
Avidity
Unresponsive T cells due to suboptimal stimulation
Anergic T cells
How does antigen presentation occur?
MHC transports antigen via packaging to the cell surface and present to T cells
What do cytotoxic T cells produce?
Lymphotoxins such as perforins and granzymes
T cell for auto-immunity, anti-fungal response and neutrophils
CD4+ Th17 cell
Which PT or PTT is affected with liver disease, decreased vitamin K and factor VII?
PT prolonged
Which cells produce histamine?
Mast cell, basophils, platelets
Which clotting factors does the liver not produce?
vWF and natural anti-coagulants like antithrombin
Where do B cells mature?
In the red bone marrow
Inflammatory mediator synthesised in platelets, endothelial cells and leukocytes
Prostaglandins
Side effects of glucocorticoid use
CNS impact is emotional disturbance, hypertension, obesity, hyperplasia, osteopororsis, muscle wasting
Test for extrinsic pathway
Prothrombin test
Test for intrinsic pathway
Partial thromboplastin time
Requirements of T cell activation
TCR engagement with antigen, co-stimulation to ensure antigen is pathogenic and cytokine for differentiation
Vasodilation
Stimulated by prostacyclin, prostaglandin, bradykinin, serotonin, histamine, C3a and C5a
Source of bradykinin
Liver
Strength of multiple interactions
Avidity
Which cells are responsible for isotype switching and affinity maturation?
Follicular T helper cells
Moleucles which promote WBC adhesion to endothelium to roll along and enter via diapedesis
Selectins and integrins
Selectins
Transmembrane glycoprotein present on endothelium to promote WBC rolling
Formation of a blood clot via fibrinogen -> fibrin
Coagulation
MHC2 restricted T cells
CD4+ T cells
Aspirin
Antithrombotic drug which is a thromboxane inhibitor
Fibroblast
Connective tissue cell which produces collagen and prostaglandins
Platelet activating factor effects
Platelet agggregation, Vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, bronchoconstriction and chemotaxis
Platelet activating factor
Membrane phospholipid derivative which causes vasodilation and increased vascular permeability, produced by a blood component
Which cells produce platelet activating factor?
Endothelial cell and all WBC
Serotonin synthesised and stored in these cells
Platelets
Somatic recombination
The combination of the gene segments V, D and J. V for the variable region in the heavy or light chain which determines subclass, D for diversity and J for the junction gene segment connecting V and D. Junctional diversity is the difference between the joining of the gene segments that occurs during the addition of nucleotides to the DNA sequence. This is responsible for the fixed specificity of B cells.
Clopidogrel
Antithrombotic ADP antagonist
Endoperoxide
Intermediate for prostaglandin synthesis
Binds to natural anticoagulant antithrombin to activate it.
Unfractionated heparin
Function of anti-thrombin
Natural anticoagulant not produced by the liver which inactivates Fxa and thrombin
Binds to and inhibits factor Xa
LMW Heparin
Cell which helps germinal centres form
CD4+ T helper cell
Cell which helps B cell antibody affinity maturation
CD4+ follicular T helper cell
Senescent T cells
T cells with excessive replication that undergo telomere shortening for terminal differentiation
Test which measures blood clotting by placing metal ball inside mixture
Coagulation test
Produced by neutrophils and promote vasodilation
Toxic oxygen radicals
Alpha granule specific protein
P-selectin- transmembrane protein for platelet rolling
First antibody to be secreted after initial antigen exposure
IgM
Most abundant antibody which can cross the placenta and enhance phagocytosis
IgG
Antigen presenting cells
B cells, macrophages and dendritic cells
T cells which recognise antigens present on any nucleated cell
CD8+ T cells that are MHCI restricted
Prostacyclin effects
Vasodilation and platelet aggregation
Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia
Autosomal recessive bleeding with mutations affecting GPIIb/ IIIa
Encoded by constant region of Ig gene to form Fc and Fab
Isotype
Drug which competes to bind to active site
Orthosteric
MHC Class which surveys for endogenous pathogens
MHC Class I
Glycoprotein receptor on platelets for fibrinogen and vwF on the endothelium
GPIIB/IIIA
Lipoxin
anti-Inflammatory mediator from arachidonic acid which decrease angiogenesis and increase phagocytosis by targeting neutrophils and macrophages
MHC Class 2
Present on antigen presenting cells like macrophages and basophils and presents antigen in endosome to CD4+ T cell.
Antibody involved in allergic response and provides protection against parasitic worms.
IgE
Least common antibody
IgE
Costimulation
T cell only becomes activated when bound to antigen and receives cytokine signal
What is the role of maresins?
Anti-inflammatory Increases tissue regeneration and reduces pain.
What is the function of resolvins?
Reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF and inhibit macroglia activation.
What is the role of protectins?
Reduce T cell migration and the production of inflammatory cytokines for microglial cells.
What is the role of bradykinin?
Vasodilation, nocioception for pain, plasma extravasation (increased vascular permeability that allows plasma containing WBC to leak)
Thrombocytopenia purpura
Bleeding disorder caused by low platelet count. Caused by immune response, hapten drug such as pencillin or genetic
