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Year 1 > B4 W2 > Flashcards

B4 W2 Flashcards

1
Q

Cells in connective tissue which produce cytokines and costimulatory molecules

A

Dendritic cells

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2
Q

Light is shined through sample to test platelet clotting

A

Platelet aggregometry

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3
Q

Which inflammatory mediators are synthesised in all leukocytes?

A

Leukotrienes and oxygen species

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4
Q

Dense granules

A

Granules containing vasoconstrictive agents, platelet antagonists and Ca2+ and Mg2+

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5
Q

Resolvins E-series

A

Anti inflammatory mediators from omega-3 which clear mucosa and target mucosal epithelial cells and neutrophils

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6
Q

What does partial thromboplastin time (PTT) test?

A

Intrinsic pathway coagulation

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7
Q

Isotype

A

Antibody class Encoded by constant region of IgG gene and form FC and Fab of antibody

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8
Q

What does PT time test?

A

Extrinsic pathway coagulation

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8
Q

Isotype

A

Classification of antibodies, encoded by the constant region of Ig gene and form Fc and Fab

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9
Q

Immunotherapeutic antibodies

A

Immune checkpoint inhibitors

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10
Q

MHC Class II

A

Carries peptides in endosomes to present antigen to CD4+ T cell. survey for exogenous pathogens

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11
Q

MHC Class I vs Class II structure

A

Both are heterodimers consisting of alpha and beta chain. Class I has only a single transmembrane portion which is alpha. Class II has both alpha and beta as transmembrane.

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12
Q

MHC Class which uses protesome to present antigen

A

MHC Class I- expressed on all nucleated cells to alert immune system to virally infected cells

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13
Q

Factor Ia

A

Fibrin

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14
Q

What do mast cells release?

A

Histamine, prostaglandins, leukotrienes

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15
Q

Immunogoblin with secretory component. It occurs as monomer and dimer

A

IgA which provides localised protection of mucous membranes against bacteria and virus via proteolytic digestion.

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16
Q

Pentameric antibody

A

IgM- First antibody class to be secreted by plasma cells and causes agglutination and lysis

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17
Q

Platelet adhesion vs platelet plug

A

Platelet adhesion is first step where it attaches to the subendothelial layer. It is part of the Platelet plug formation when there is platelet interactions to form a clot

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18
Q

Inflammatory mediator produced by all leukocytes and endothelial cells

A

Platelet activating factor

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19
Q

Factor activated by thrombin which combines with fibrin to form clot

A

Factor XIII

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20
Q

Factor which activates thrombin

A

Factor X

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21
Q

Factor IIa

A

Thrombin

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22
Q

Anti-platelet drug which inhibits ADP

A

Clopidogrel

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23
Q

Tubes which allow platelet granules to move and be secreted

A

Surface connected open canalicular system

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24
Q

Haemophilia caused by Factor VIII deficiency

A

Haemophilia A

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25
Q

Which cells secrete Nitric oxide?

A

Endothelial cells and macrophages

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25
Q

Factor I

A

Fibrinogen

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26
Q

Drugs targeted to COX-2

A

Coxibs which allow for anti-inflammatory effects and minimise gastric problems

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27
Q

Deficient acquired immune response due to defect in enzyme for somatic recombination

A

Severe chronic immunodeficiency

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28
Q

Clotting disorder with deficient factor IX

A

Haemophilia B

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29
Q

Factor II

A

Pro-thrombin

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30
Q

Pre-formed inflammatory mediator in secretory granules of neutrophils and macrophages

A

Lysosymal enzymes

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31
Q

T cell against helminths

A

CD4+ Th2 cells

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32
Q

Where is serotonin synthesised and stored?

A

Platelets

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33
Q

Side effects of NSAIDS

A

Abdominal discomfort, ulcers and myocardial infarction

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34
Q

Inactive T cells

A

Senescent, anergic, exhausted

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35
Q

NO-NSAID

A

Celecoxib which has gastroprotective effect but it increases hyperkalaemia and bleeding

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36
Q

Which cells synthesis leukotrienes?

A

All WBCS

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37
Q

Which area is the high affinity selection centre in B cells?

A

Light zone in germinal centre where B cells with antibodies for high affinity to the antibody are selected following antigen contact in the follicle. In the dark zone, point mutations introduced in the V segment in order to increase the antibody affinity for clonal differentiation. This uses the enzyme activated cytidine deaminase in a process called somatic hypermutation.

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38
Q

Site of somatic hypermutation

A

Dark zones of germinal centre

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39
Q

T cell which enhances intracellular pathogen destruction

A

CD4+ Th1 cells and CD8+ T cells

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40
Q

Thromboxane A2

A

Causes platelet activation and aggregation and vasoconstriction and thrombosis

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41
Q

Aspirin indication

A

Ischaemia, angina, MI

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42
Q

Role of vitamin K

A

Carboxylate glutamic residues

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43
Q

Vitamin K- factor synthesis

A

Factor II, VII, IX and X rely on this

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44
Q

Fragment crystallisable

A

Functional capacity of antibody

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45
Q

Platelet agonists in dense granules

A

ADP and ATP

46
Q

Is PT or PTT affected with decreased platelet function?

A

Both- caused by Thrombocytopenia, vWF disease

47
Q

How is factor X activated?

A

Factor VIII and Factor IX

48
Q

COX-2 activation

A

Activated by inflammatory stimuli

49
Q

Enzyme which converts phospholipids to arachidionic acid

A

Phospholipase A

50
Q

COX enzyme which is constantly active

A

COX-1

51
Q

Coagulation test for extrinsic pathway

A

Prothrombin time

52
Q

Defective factor VII, IX, XI, XII, vwF or lupus anticoagulant

A

Normal PT, prolonged PTT

53
Q

Enzyme responsible for somatic hypermutation

A

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase- also responsible for class switching

54
Q

Factor II

A

Thrombin

55
Q

Lymphoid tissue with no incoming lymphatic vessels

A

MALT

56
Q

Number/strength of multiple antigenic determinants an individual antibody can bind

A

Avidity

57
Q

Unresponsive T cells due to suboptimal stimulation

A

Anergic T cells

58
Q

How does antigen presentation occur?

A

MHC transports antigen via packaging to the cell surface and present to T cells

59
Q

What do cytotoxic T cells produce?

A

Lymphotoxins such as perforins and granzymes

60
Q

T cell for auto-immunity, anti-fungal response and neutrophils

A

CD4+ Th17 cell

61
Q

Which PT or PTT is affected with liver disease, decreased vitamin K and factor VII?

A

PT prolonged

62
Q

Which cells produce histamine?

A

Mast cell, basophils, platelets

63
Q

Which clotting factors does the liver not produce?

A

vWF and natural anti-coagulants like antithrombin

64
Q

Where do B cells mature?

A

In the red bone marrow

65
Q

Inflammatory mediator synthesised in platelets, endothelial cells and leukocytes

A

Prostaglandins

66
Q

Side effects of glucocorticoid use

A

CNS impact is emotional disturbance, hypertension, obesity, hyperplasia, osteopororsis, muscle wasting

67
Q

Test for extrinsic pathway

A

Prothrombin test

68
Q

Test for intrinsic pathway

A

Partial thromboplastin time

69
Q

Requirements of T cell activation

A

TCR engagement with antigen, co-stimulation to ensure antigen is pathogenic and cytokine for differentiation

70
Q

Vasodilation

A

Stimulated by prostacyclin, prostaglandin, bradykinin, serotonin, histamine, C3a and C5a

71
Q

Source of bradykinin

A

Liver

72
Q

Strength of multiple interactions

A

Avidity

72
Q

Which cells are responsible for isotype switching and affinity maturation?

A

Follicular T helper cells

73
Q

Moleucles which promote WBC adhesion to endothelium to roll along and enter via diapedesis

A

Selectins and integrins

74
Q

Selectins

A

Transmembrane glycoprotein present on endothelium to promote WBC rolling

75
Q

Formation of a blood clot via fibrinogen -> fibrin

A

Coagulation

76
Q

MHC2 restricted T cells

A

CD4+ T cells

77
Q

Aspirin

A

Antithrombotic drug which is a thromboxane inhibitor

78
Q

Fibroblast

A

Connective tissue cell which produces collagen and prostaglandins

79
Q

Platelet activating factor effects

A

Platelet agggregation, Vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, bronchoconstriction and chemotaxis

80
Q

Platelet activating factor

A

Membrane phospholipid derivative which causes vasodilation and increased vascular permeability, produced by a blood component

81
Q

Which cells produce platelet activating factor?

A

Endothelial cell and all WBC

82
Q

Serotonin synthesised and stored in these cells

A

Platelets

83
Q

Somatic recombination

A

The combination of the gene segments V, D and J. V for the variable region in the heavy or light chain which determines subclass, D for diversity and J for the junction gene segment connecting V and D. Junctional diversity is the difference between the joining of the gene segments that occurs during the addition of nucleotides to the DNA sequence. This is responsible for the fixed specificity of B cells.

84
Q

Clopidogrel

A

Antithrombotic ADP antagonist

85
Q

Endoperoxide

A

Intermediate for prostaglandin synthesis

86
Q

Binds to natural anticoagulant antithrombin to activate it.

A

Unfractionated heparin

87
Q

Function of anti-thrombin

A

Natural anticoagulant not produced by the liver which inactivates Fxa and thrombin

88
Q

Binds to and inhibits factor Xa

A

LMW Heparin

89
Q

Cell which helps germinal centres form

A

CD4+ T helper cell

90
Q

Cell which helps B cell antibody affinity maturation

A

CD4+ follicular T helper cell

91
Q

Senescent T cells

A

T cells with excessive replication that undergo telomere shortening for terminal differentiation

92
Q

Test which measures blood clotting by placing metal ball inside mixture

A

Coagulation test

93
Q

Produced by neutrophils and promote vasodilation

A

Toxic oxygen radicals

94
Q

Alpha granule specific protein

A

P-selectin- transmembrane protein for platelet rolling

95
Q

First antibody to be secreted after initial antigen exposure

A

IgM

96
Q

Most abundant antibody which can cross the placenta and enhance phagocytosis

A

IgG

97
Q

Antigen presenting cells

A

B cells, macrophages and dendritic cells

98
Q

T cells which recognise antigens present on any nucleated cell

A

CD8+ T cells that are MHCI restricted

99
Q

Prostacyclin effects

A

Vasodilation and platelet aggregation

100
Q

Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia

A

Autosomal recessive bleeding with mutations affecting GPIIb/ IIIa

101
Q

Encoded by constant region of Ig gene to form Fc and Fab

A

Isotype

102
Q

Drug which competes to bind to active site

A

Orthosteric

103
Q

MHC Class which surveys for endogenous pathogens

A

MHC Class I

104
Q

Glycoprotein receptor on platelets for fibrinogen and vwF on the endothelium

A

GPIIB/IIIA

105
Q

Lipoxin

A

anti-Inflammatory mediator from arachidonic acid which decrease angiogenesis and increase phagocytosis by targeting neutrophils and macrophages

106
Q

MHC Class 2

A

Present on antigen presenting cells like macrophages and basophils and presents antigen in endosome to CD4+ T cell.

107
Q

Antibody involved in allergic response and provides protection against parasitic worms.

A

IgE

108
Q

Least common antibody

A

IgE

109
Q

Costimulation

A

T cell only becomes activated when bound to antigen and receives cytokine signal

110
Q

What is the role of maresins?

A

Anti-inflammatory Increases tissue regeneration and reduces pain.

111
Q

What is the function of resolvins?

A

Reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF and inhibit macroglia activation.

111
Q

What is the role of protectins?

A

Reduce T cell migration and the production of inflammatory cytokines for microglial cells.

112
Q

What is the role of bradykinin?

A

Vasodilation, nocioception for pain, plasma extravasation (increased vascular permeability that allows plasma containing WBC to leak)

113
Q

Thrombocytopenia purpura

A

Bleeding disorder caused by low platelet count. Caused by immune response, hapten drug such as pencillin or genetic

Year 1 (191 decks)

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