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Year 1 > Autonomic Nervous System B6 > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System B6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the visceral nervous system?

A

Divison of the prasympathetic system for the control of involuntary smooth muscle and glands

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2
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

Division of the peripheral nervous system. Consists of the synapse between a lower motor neuron and a motor end plate with an excitatory acetylcholine neurotransmitter to control skeletal muscles

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3
Q

What are the neurotransmitters of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine is present in both divisions; adrenaline and noradrenaline is present in the sympathetic division only

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4
Q

What are the types of neurons?

A

Pre-ganglionic neurons which are fast. Post ganglionic neurons which are slow. Sympathetic system has longer pre-ganglionic neurons. Parasympathetic has shorter pre-ganglionic neurons.

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5
Q

What are the principal neurotransmitters of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Adrenaline and noradrenaline which acts on adrenergic receptors. It is released following synapse with a post ganglioninc neuron on the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. Acetylcholine is released following synapse with a post ganglionic neuron and acts on cholinergic receptors such as the sweat galnd

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6
Q

What is the principal neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Acetycholine which acts on both muscarininc and nicotinic cholinergic receptors.

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7
Q

Where is acetylcholine released from?

A

All pre-ganglionic neurons of SNS and PNS. Only post ganglionic in PNS.

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8
Q

What are the effects of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Increases HR + BP, Dilation of the pupils, constriction of the sphincters in the GI tract, decreased urinary output, increased sweat galnd secretion, dialtion of the coronary arteries, gluconeogenesis, gylcogenolysis and immune suppression

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9
Q

What are the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Constriction of pupils, decreased HR + BP, relaxation of sphincters in GI tract, constriction of the coronary arteries, increased urinary output, decreased sweat gland secretion, glycogenesis and immune activity and lipogenesis

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10
Q

Difference between ganglia and cell body?

A

Ganglia is the cell bodies of the PNS. Cell body is in the CNS.

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11
Q

Where do the autonomic nerves arise from the spinal cord?

A

Lateral aspect of ventral horn of the grey matter of the spinal cord.

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12
Q

What is the sympathetic chain/trunk?

A

Chain of sympathetic ganglia connected by myelinated axons which lie outside the spinal cord in the peri-vertebral space. It runs from the base of the skull to the coccyx

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13
Q

What is the para-vertebral ganglia?

A

Ganglia of the sympathetic chain.

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14
Q

What are the pre-vertebral ganglia?

A

Ganglia external to the sympathetic chain, typically near organs. It receives input via the sphlancic nerve.

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15
Q

What are the types of pre-vertebral ganglia?

A

Aorticorenal ganglia: innervates adrenal glands and kidneys
Coeliac ganglia: innervates foregut
Superior mesenteric ganglia: innervates midgut
Inferior mesenteric ganglia: innervates hindgut

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16
Q

What is a sphlancic nerve?

A

Provides a route for the pre-sympathetic chain ganglia synapsing to leave the sympathetic chain and synapse with pre-vertebral ganglia.

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17
Q

How does the spinal cord communicate with the sympathetic trunk?

A

Sympathetic trunk is connected to the ventral ramus of the spinal nerve via the white ramus communicans. This is myelinated and formed of pre-ganglionic fibres.

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18
Q

When does a pre-ganglionic neurone become a post-ganglionic neurone?

A

Pre-ganglionic neuron synapses with either a paravertebral ganglia or a pre-vertebral ganglia which is external to the sympathetic chain.

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19
Q

What is the route of the pre-ganglionic neuron?

A

There are 2 routes

1)Enters sympathetic trunk via white rami communicanes. Synapses with paravertebral ganglia of the sympathetic chain. It is now a Post ganglionic neurons which exit via the grey rami communicans, a collection of unmyelinated post ganglionic neurons. It can ascend, descend or exit at the same level.

2) Leaves the spinal cord and travels via the sphlanchnic nerve to enter and synapse with pre-vertebral ganglia.

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20
Q

Where does the parasymapthetic system originate?

A

Pre-ganglionic neurons arise from the craniosacral region of the spinal cord and have long pre-ganglionic neurons and short post ganglionic neurons. Ganglia are close to effector. Causes release of acetylcholine.

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21
Q

Where do the pre-ganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic system exit?

A

Brainstem nuclei and leave the cervical region of the spinal cord and sacrum level 1 and 2.

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22
Q

What occurs from T1-T4 of the sympathetic chain?

A

Pre-ganglionic neurons synapse with the sympathetic chain and post ganglionic neurons have effectors to control the head, neck heart and respiratory system

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23
Q

What is the significance of T5-t9?

A

Greater splanchnic nerve innervates the coeliac ganglia and superior mesenteric ganglia. It provides sympathetic innervation to the adrenal medulla, abdominal viscera (eg stomach, spleen)

24
Q

What is the significance of T9/10-L2

A

Lessor sphlancic nerve which provides sympathetic innervation to the superior mesenteric ganglia and aorticorenal ganglia

25
Q

What is the significance of T12?

A

Least splanchnic nerve which provides sympathetic innervation to the aorticorenal ganglia for release of adrenaline and noradrenaline

26
Q

What is the significance of L1-L2?

A

Lumbar sphalncic nerve arises which enters the plexus that supplies the inferior mesenteric ganglia, which is part of the abdominal aortic plexus.

27
Q

What is the abdominal aortic plexus?

A

Collection of pre and post ganglionic neurons of the pre-vertebral ganglia which innervate the pelvic, mesenteric and urogenital organs. They correspond to the branches of the abdominal aorta such as the inferior mesenteric plexus

28
Q

Where is the ganglia of the parasympathetic system located?

A

Close to the effector

29
Q

Which pre-ganglionic neurons exit from the brainstem?

A

Cranial nerve 3 (oculomotor), cranial nerve 7 (facial), cranial nerve 9 (glossopharnygeal) and cranial nerve 10 (vagus)

30
Q

What is the origin of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Pre-ganglionic neurons arise from the thoracolumbar regions of the spinal cord of T1-L2. It has short pre-ganglionic neurons and long Post-ganglionic neurons. It causes release the release of adrenaline and noradrenaline from chromaffin cells.

31
Q

What is the difference between the somatic and autonomic nervous system?

A

Somatic nervous system is a branch of the PNS involved in the control of the voluntary muscle. Lower motor neuron releases acetylcholine to act directly on skeletal muscle. Autonomic nervous system has two efferents that are the pre-ganglionic neuron and post-ganglionic neuron which act on the invountary muscle

32
Q

What is the neurotransmitters of the sympathetic division?

A

Short-pre ganglionic neurons which use acetylcholine and synapse with the ganglia. Long Post ganglionic neurons use noradrenaline to act on effector smooth muscles or glands. The exception is chromaffin cells of the medulla which release both noradrenaline and adrenaline to affect smooth muscle and acetylcholine that acts on salivary glands

33
Q

What is the neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic division?

A

Long pre-ganglionic neurons which use acetylcholine to synapse with ganglia and post-ganglionic neurons to use acetylcholine and act on effector.

34
Q

What innervates the eye for constriction?

A

Parasympathetic division- oculomotor from the brainstem

35
Q

What innervates the increased salivation of the glands?

A

Parasympathetic division- mainly the glossopharyngeal and facial nerve

36
Q

What innervates the bladder and the genitals to relax?

A

Parasympathetic division- vagus nerve

37
Q

What innervates the heart and lungs to decrease breathing?

A

Parasympathetic division- vagus

38
Q

What innervates the intestine to increase digestion?

A

Parasympathetic division- vagus nerve

39
Q

What innervates the urogenital organs to relax?

A

Parasympathetic division- S1/S2

40
Q

What innervates the penis/clitoris for erection?

A

Parasympathetic division- S1/S2

41
Q

What innervates the eye to dilate?

A

Sympathetic division- T1 to T4 which is the preganglionic which synapses in the sympathetic trunk with para-vertebral ganglia to form post-ganglionic.

42
Q

What innervates the salivary glands to reduce salivation?

A

Sympathetic division- T1 to T4 which is the preganglionic which synapses in the sympathetic trunk with para-vertebral ganglia to form post-ganglionic.

43
Q

What innervates the heart and lungs to increase HR and RR?

A

Sympathetic division- T1 to T4 which is the preganglionic which synapses in the sympathetic trunk with para-vertebral ganglia to form post-ganglionic.

44
Q

What innervates the blood vessels for constriction?

A

Sympathetic division- T1 to T4 which is the preganglionic which synapses in the sympathetic trunk with para-vertebral ganglia to form post-ganglionic. Greater sphlancic nerve from T5 to T9

45
Q

What innervates the intestines to reduce digestion?

A

Greater sphlancic nerve, lesser sphlancic nerve and least sphlancic nerve

46
Q

What innervates the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla to release noradrenaline and adrenaline?

A

Sympathetic division: Greater sphlancic nerve and lesser sphlancic nerve

47
Q

What innervates the urogenitals for constriction?

A

Lumbarsphlancic nerves and least sphlancic nerves

48
Q

What runs from T1-T4?

A

Sympathetic tract with paravertebral ganglia. t innervates the cervical and thoracic ganglia eg the salivary glands and the EYES

49
Q

What is the greater sphlancic nerve?

A

Sympathetic division from T5->T9 which has a pre-vertebral ganglia called the coeliac ganglia to innervate vasoconstriction, reduced peristalsis.

50
Q

What is the lesser sphlancic nerve?

A

Sympathetic division from T9-10 which has a pre-vertebral ganglia called the superior mesenteric ganglia to innervate reduced peristalsis and secretion of chromaffin cells

51
Q

What is the least sphlancic nerve?

A

Sympathetic division of T11-T12 which has a pre-vertebral ganglia called the inferior mesenteric ganglia to innervate reduced peristalsis in large intestines and chromaffin cells and the genitals for ejaculation

52
Q

What innervates the urogenitals like the bladder to relax?

A

Parasympathetic division from S1-> S2 which inhibits the effects of acetylcholine M3 receptors on the contraction of the sphincter

53
Q

What innervates the genitals to constrict for ejaculation?

A

Least sphlancic nerve

54
Q

What is the phrenic nerve?

A

Plexus which innervates the diaphragm. Provides touch and pain sensation to the pleura and pericardium.

55
Q

What innervates the heart?

A

Cardiac plexus from C3-C6

56
Q

What innervates the lungs?

A

Pulmonary plexus which has branches from the vagus nerve for parasympathetic stimulation and sympathetic trunk for sympathetic stimulation

57
Q

What does the vagus nerve innervate?

A

Abdominal viscera, blood vessels and pharynx and larynx

Year 1 (191 decks)

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