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Year 1 > B5 W4 > Flashcards

B5 W4 Flashcards

1
Q

Rapid, alternating movements

A

Disadiadochokinesis

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2
Q

Contralateral upper limb weakness, hemiananaesthesia, hemianopia, hemineglect

A

Middle cerebral artery

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3
Q

Nigrostriatal pathway

A

Input pathway to the basal ganglia from the substantia nigra pars compacta via dopamine

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4
Q

Output branch of granule cells

A

Parallel fibres- innervated by mossy fibres

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5
Q

Area of frontal cortex for rapid alternating movements

A

Supplementary motor cortex

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6
Q

Cerebrocerebellum

A

Region of cerebellum which plans, controls and modulates highly skilled movement.

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7
Q

Purkinje fibres

A

Receives error input from climbing or mossy fibres and projects using GABA to the output of the cerebellum which is the deep cerebellar nuclei to the cortex to correct movement

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8
Q

Area of the temporal lobe for understanding language

A

Wernicke’s area

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9
Q

Rapid, jerky movements

A

Chorea caused by Huntington’s

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10
Q

Efferent pathway of the cerebellum

A

Superior cerebellar peduncles

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11
Q

Afferent pathway of the cerebellum

A

Middle cerebellar peduncles

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12
Q

Afferent and efferent pathway of the cerebellum

A

Inferior cerebellar peduncles

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13
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

Death of striatal input to the globus pallidus external segment and reduced inhibition of the subthalamic nucleus and thalamus and less excitation of the globus pallidus internal segment

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14
Q

Disconnection syndrome

A

Interruption of information between brain regions due to white matter lesions

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15
Q

Jerky movements

A

Hyperkinesia

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16
Q

Increased muscular tone

A

Spasticity

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17
Q

Pyramidal tracts

A

Motor pathway for the control of face and body muscles- Corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts

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18
Q

Broca’s area

A

Area in posteroinferior frontal lobe where speech is produced. Only whistling and singing is preserved in a lesion which causes expressive aphasia.

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19
Q

Symptoms of Parkinson’s disease

A

Tremor, rigidity, akinesia, postural problems. This is due to overactivity of the indirect pathway due to substantia nigra death.

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20
Q

Reticulospinal tract

A

Reticular formation to ipsilateral skeletal muscles of trunk, proximal muscles for regulating muscle tone

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21
Q

Chronic alcohol misuse damages this region

A

Anterior cerebellum which affects the lower limbs

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22
Q

Output nuclei of spinocerebellum

A

Interposed nuclei

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23
Q

Middle cerebellar peduncles

A

Relay neurons in the pons which decussate to contralateral cerebellar hemisphere

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24
Q

Spinocerebellum

A

Nuclei is intersposed and fastigial. Co-ordinates motor execution. Lesion causes impaired gait

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25
Q

Commissural fibres

A

Horizontal fibres which connect the grey matter of two hemispheres

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26
Q

Hemiballismus

A

Rapid flinging movements due to damage to the subthalamic nucleus

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27
Q

Taste and flavour region

A

Region in the temporal lobe

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28
Q

Climbing fibres

A

Error signals from the inferior olive of the medulla to correct error movements to the parallel inputs to the Purkinje cells

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29
Q

Descending tracts which decussate at the pyramids

A

Lateral corticospinal tract

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30
Q

Dentothalamic nuclei

A

Fibres from the dendate nucleus of cerebellum to the thalamus with branches to the red nuclei and terminate at the cortex. Regulates movement.

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31
Q

Mossy fibres

A

Cerebellar input from everything excluding the inferior olive which synapses with interneurones

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32
Q

Supramarginal gyrus

A

Part of the somatosensory cortex for agnosia, left-right discrimination

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33
Q

Spiny motor neurons

A

Striata output which uses GABAnergic inhibitory neuron

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34
Q

Cerebellar peduncle for afferent and efferent pathway

A

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

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35
Q

Medium spiny neurons

A

Neurons in striata which receive input from other structures

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36
Q

Output nuclei of vestibulocerebellum

A

Fastigial and vestibular nuclei. Controls motor execution and lesion leads to issues with balance and eye movement

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37
Q

Output zones of basal ganglia

A

Globus pallidus, substantia nigra pars reticulata

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38
Q

Input zones of basal ganglia

A

Caudate and putamen (striata)

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39
Q

Location of the vestibulocerebellum which maintains equlibirum and balance

A

Nodule and flocculus

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40
Q

Paresis

A

Paralysis

41
Q

Primary auditory cortex

A

Temporal lobe

42
Q

Receptive aphasia

A

Damage to Wernicke’s area/ lesion at junctio of temporal, parietal and occipital lobe

43
Q

Indirect pathway

A

Suppresses movement via D2 receptors- Inhibits the external segment of the globus pallidus which disinhibits the subthalamic nuclei.

44
Q

Primary motor cortex lesion

A

Contralateral flaccid paralysis and positive Babinski’s sign

45
Q

Clonus

A

Involuntary rhythmic muscle contractions

46
Q

Direct pathway

A

Inhibits the internal segment of the globus pallidus to remove thalamic inhibiton and allow movement following glutamergic stimulation. D1 modulates this

47
Q

Projection fibres

A

Carries information in and out of the cortex

48
Q

Hypertonia

A

Increased muscle tone

49
Q

Expressive aphasia

A

Broca’s area

50
Q

Output structure of the cerebellum

A

Deep cerebellar nuclei. Transmit information from the cerebellum to the:
ventrolateral thalamus -> cortex and brainstem to correct movement cortex to the ventrolateral complex in the thalamus

51
Q

Neuropathologies of the basal ganglia

A

Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, hemiballismus

52
Q

Hemihypesthesia

A

Reduced sensitivity

53
Q

Cerebellar peduncles

A

White matter tracts which connect the cerebellum to the pons

54
Q

Main components of the basal ganglia

A

Caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus internal and external

55
Q

Primary cortical areas

A

Regions of the cortex of the brain which receives sensory information from peripheral receptors or execute motor tasks.

Includes the primary motor cortex, supplementary motor cortex, somatosensory cortex, auditory cortex, gustatory cortex and visual cortex.

56
Q

Additional areas of the basal ganglia

A

Substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus

57
Q

Lesion in the somatosensory cortex

A

Contralateral loss of sensation

58
Q

Somatotropic organisation

A

Feet are most medial and face and upper body are most lateral

59
Q

Non motor function of basal ganglia

A

Cognition, working memory and attention

60
Q

Spinocerebellar pathway

A

Unconscious sensory tract for propioception to co-ordinate muscles.
Receptor from the muscle/joint receptor
synapses with first order neuron- dorsal root ganglion of spinal cord
synapses with second order neuron- dorsal horn of spinal cord
It ascends ipsilaterally and enters the cerebellum via the inferior cerebellar peduncles.
Central region of cerebellum moves proximal muscles. Lateral region moves distal muscles

61
Q

Motor input to the cerebellum

A

Middle cerebellar peduncle- via the cerebral cortex which synapses with the relay neuron of the pons.

62
Q

Sensory input to the cerebellum

A

Inferior cerebellar peduncles via the spinocerebellar tract, conveying information about muscle propioception

63
Q

Modulatory input to the cerebellum

A

Inferior olives of the medulla which sends error signals for timing, learning and memory via the climbing fibres to purkinje cells of the cerebellum

64
Q

Anterior corticospinal tract

A

Remains ipsilateral through the pyramids of the medulla. It decussates at the level it synapses with lower motor neurons.

65
Q

Agraphethesia

A

Inability to recognise letters, symbols and numbers traced in the skin.

66
Q

Hemianopia

A

Loss of half of vision

67
Q

How does the deep cerebellar nuclei transmit information to the cortex?

A

Via the ventrolateral complex of the thalamus

68
Q

Treatment of Parkinson’s via the brain

A

Deep brain surgery with removal of thalamus/globus pallidus or inactivation of the globus pallidus/subthalamic nucleus/ thalamus

69
Q

Granule cells

A

Most numerous cell in the cerebellum. Receives error input from mossy fibres and output parallel branches to the Purkinje cells.

70
Q

Anterior cerebral artery lesion

A

Contralateral cortical type sensory loss, frontal lobe behavioural abnormalities. Involved in sensory and motor function of defeacation and urination.

71
Q

Middle cerebral artery lesion

A

Global aphasia (loss of receptive and expressive aphasia, ipsilateral gaze preference. Deep branches supply the globus pallidus, internal capsule and thalamus.

72
Q

Chronic alcohol misuse effect on gait-reason

A

Damage to the anterior cerebellum which controls the lower limbs. Posterior cerebellum controls the upper limbs

73
Q

Mossy fibres

A

Carry input from the cortex, spinal cord, brainstem and vestibular system to the cerebellum

74
Q

Posterior lobe of cerebellum

A

Controls upper limbs and hands

75
Q

Pathologies of the cerebellum

A

Huntington’s, Parkinson’s and Hemiballismus.

76
Q

Angular gyrus

A

Translates speech into writing. Lesion causes dyslexia, alexia and dysgraphia.

77
Q

Direct pathway

A

Increases movement via D2
-> Inhibits the globus pallidus internal segment and pars reticulata and subthalamic nucleus
-> excitation of external globus pallidus
This excites the thalamus

78
Q

Indirect pathway

A

Inhibits movement via D2
->inhibits external globus pallidus
-> less inhibition on internal globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus increases inhibition on the thalamus

79
Q

Caudate nucleus

A

C shape with other structures of basal ganglia present inside.

80
Q

Limbic lobe

A

Unconscious insinctive behaviour

81
Q

Non-dominant hemisphere

A

Prosody, muscial ability and sense of direction

82
Q

Dominant

A

Language, praxis, musical ability and sense of direction

83
Q

Folia of cerebellum

A

Grey matter

84
Q

Superior temporal gyrus

A

Processing and receiving of sound

85
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

Includes thalamus and limbic system for decision making and cognition.

86
Q

Primary visual cortex

A

Occipital lobe, where it is concentrated in the calcarine sulcus

87
Q

Supplementary motor cortex

A

Rapid sequence of movement like moving your eyes quickly to opposite sides

88
Q

Cerebellar lesion- side

A

Ipsilateral

89
Q

Cortical lesion-side

A

Contralateral

90
Q

Dyssernegia

A

Loss of synchronous multi joint movement due to cerebellar damage

91
Q

Inferior olive

A

Receives input from all systems

92
Q

Lesion to primary motor cortex

A

Positive babinski and contralateral flaccid paralysis

93
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Dominant hemisphere will control language and calculation. Visuospatial skills on non dominant.

93
Q

Reticulospinal tract

A

Reticular formation to ipsilateral muscles for muscle tone in ongoing movement and posture

94
Q

Supramarginal gyrus

A

Secondary association area of the somatosensory cortex for propioception, left-right discrimination and pain

95
Q

Association areas

A

Receive information from primary cortical areas to interpret and process

96
Q

Astereoagnosia

A

Can’t recognise objects by touch

97
Q

Corticospinal tract

A

Controls skeeltal muscle and fine movement

98
Q

Which part of the basal ganglia inhibits the thalamus?

A

Pars reticulata and internal segment of globus pallidus via GABA

Year 1 (191 decks)

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