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Year 1 > B5 W4 > Flashcards

B5 W4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Rapid, alternating movements

A

Disadiadochokinesis

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2
Q

Contralateral upper limb weakness, hemiananaesthesia, hemianopia, hemineglect

A

Middle cerebral artery

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3
Q

Nigrostriatal pathway

A

Input pathway to the basal ganglia from the substantia nigra pars compacta via dopamine

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4
Q

Output branch of granule cells

A

Parallel fibres- innervated by mossy fibres

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5
Q

Area of frontal cortex for rapid alternating movements

A

Supplementary motor cortex

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6
Q

Cerebrocerebellum

A

Region of cerebellum which plans, controls and modulates highly skilled movement.

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7
Q

Purkinje fibres

A

Receives error input from climbing or mossy fibres and projects using GABA to the output of the cerebellum which is the deep cerebellar nuclei to the cortex to correct movement

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8
Q

Area of the temporal lobe for understanding language

A

Wernicke’s area

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9
Q

Rapid, jerky movements

A

Chorea caused by Huntington’s

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10
Q

Efferent pathway of the cerebellum

A

Superior cerebellar peduncles

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11
Q

Afferent pathway of the cerebellum

A

Middle cerebellar peduncles

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12
Q

Afferent and efferent pathway of the cerebellum

A

Inferior cerebellar peduncles

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13
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

Death of striatal input to the globus pallidus external segment and reduced inhibition of the subthalamic nucleus and thalamus and less excitation of the globus pallidus internal segment

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14
Q

Disconnection syndrome

A

Interruption of information between brain regions due to white matter lesions

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15
Q

Jerky movements

A

Hyperkinesia

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16
Q

Increased muscular tone

A

Spasticity

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17
Q

Pyramidal tracts

A

Motor pathway for the control of face and body muscles- Corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts

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18
Q

Broca’s area

A

Area in posteroinferior frontal lobe where speech is produced. Only whistling and singing is preserved in a lesion which causes expressive aphasia.

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19
Q

Symptoms of Parkinson’s disease

A

Tremor, rigidity, akinesia, postural problems. This is due to overactivity of the indirect pathway due to substantia nigra death.

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20
Q

Reticulospinal tract

A

Reticular formation to ipsilateral skeletal muscles of trunk, proximal muscles for regulating muscle tone

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21
Q

Chronic alcohol misuse damages this region

A

Anterior cerebellum which affects the lower limbs

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22
Q

Output nuclei of spinocerebellum

A

Interposed nuclei

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23
Q

Middle cerebellar peduncles

A

Relay neurons in the pons which decussate to contralateral cerebellar hemisphere

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24
Q

Spinocerebellum

A

Nuclei is intersposed and fastigial. Co-ordinates motor execution. Lesion causes impaired gait

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25
Commissural fibres
Horizontal fibres which connect the grey matter of two hemispheres
26
Hemiballismus
Rapid flinging movements due to damage to the subthalamic nucleus
27
Taste and flavour region
Region in the temporal lobe
28
Climbing fibres
Error signals from the inferior olive of the medulla to correct error movements to the parallel inputs to the Purkinje cells
29
Descending tracts which decussate at the pyramids
Lateral corticospinal tract
30
Dentothalamic nuclei
Fibres from the dendate nucleus of cerebellum to the thalamus with branches to the red nuclei and terminate at the cortex. Regulates movement.
31
Mossy fibres
Cerebellar input from everything excluding the inferior olive which synapses with interneurones
32
Supramarginal gyrus
Part of the somatosensory cortex for agnosia, left-right discrimination
33
Spiny motor neurons
Striata output which uses GABAnergic inhibitory neuron
34
Cerebellar peduncle for afferent and efferent pathway
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
35
Medium spiny neurons
Neurons in striata which receive input from other structures
36
Output nuclei of vestibulocerebellum
Fastigial and vestibular nuclei. Controls motor execution and lesion leads to issues with balance and eye movement
37
Output zones of basal ganglia
Globus pallidus, substantia nigra pars reticulata
38
Input zones of basal ganglia
Caudate and putamen (striata)
39
Location of the vestibulocerebellum which maintains equlibirum and balance
Nodule and flocculus
40
Paresis
Paralysis
41
Primary auditory cortex
Temporal lobe
42
Receptive aphasia
Damage to Wernicke's area/ lesion at junctio of temporal, parietal and occipital lobe
43
Indirect pathway
Suppresses movement via D2 receptors- Inhibits the external segment of the globus pallidus which disinhibits the subthalamic nuclei.
44
Primary motor cortex lesion
Contralateral flaccid paralysis and positive Babinski's sign
45
Clonus
Involuntary rhythmic muscle contractions
46
Direct pathway
Inhibits the internal segment of the globus pallidus to remove thalamic inhibiton and allow movement following glutamergic stimulation. D1 modulates this
47
Projection fibres
Carries information in and out of the cortex
48
Hypertonia
Increased muscle tone
49
Expressive aphasia
Broca's area
50
Output structure of the cerebellum
Deep cerebellar nuclei. Transmit information from the cerebellum to the: ventrolateral thalamus -> cortex and brainstem to correct movement cortex to the ventrolateral complex in the thalamus
51
Neuropathologies of the basal ganglia
Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, hemiballismus
52
Hemihypesthesia
Reduced sensitivity
53
Cerebellar peduncles
White matter tracts which connect the cerebellum to the pons
54
Main components of the basal ganglia
Caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus internal and external
55
Primary cortical areas
Regions of the cortex of the brain which receives sensory information from peripheral receptors or execute motor tasks. Includes the primary motor cortex, supplementary motor cortex, somatosensory cortex, auditory cortex, gustatory cortex and visual cortex.
56
Additional areas of the basal ganglia
Substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus
57
Lesion in the somatosensory cortex
Contralateral loss of sensation
58
Somatotropic organisation
Feet are most medial and face and upper body are most lateral
59
Non motor function of basal ganglia
Cognition, working memory and attention
60
Spinocerebellar pathway
Unconscious sensory tract for propioception to co-ordinate muscles. Receptor from the muscle/joint receptor synapses with first order neuron- dorsal root ganglion of spinal cord synapses with second order neuron- dorsal horn of spinal cord It ascends ipsilaterally and enters the cerebellum via the inferior cerebellar peduncles. Central region of cerebellum moves proximal muscles. Lateral region moves distal muscles
61
Motor input to the cerebellum
Middle cerebellar peduncle- via the cerebral cortex which synapses with the relay neuron of the pons.
62
Sensory input to the cerebellum
Inferior cerebellar peduncles via the spinocerebellar tract, conveying information about muscle propioception
63
Modulatory input to the cerebellum
Inferior olives of the medulla which sends error signals for timing, learning and memory via the climbing fibres to purkinje cells of the cerebellum
64
Anterior corticospinal tract
Remains ipsilateral through the pyramids of the medulla. It decussates at the level it synapses with lower motor neurons.
65
Agraphethesia
Inability to recognise letters, symbols and numbers traced in the skin.
66
Hemianopia
Loss of half of vision
67
How does the deep cerebellar nuclei transmit information to the cortex?
Via the ventrolateral complex of the thalamus
68
Treatment of Parkinson's via the brain
Deep brain surgery with removal of thalamus/globus pallidus or inactivation of the globus pallidus/subthalamic nucleus/ thalamus
69
Granule cells
Most numerous cell in the cerebellum. Receives error input from mossy fibres and output parallel branches to the Purkinje cells.
70
Anterior cerebral artery lesion
Contralateral cortical type sensory loss, frontal lobe behavioural abnormalities. Involved in sensory and motor function of defeacation and urination.
71
Middle cerebral artery lesion
Global aphasia (loss of receptive and expressive aphasia, ipsilateral gaze preference. Deep branches supply the globus pallidus, internal capsule and thalamus.
72
Chronic alcohol misuse effect on gait-reason
Damage to the anterior cerebellum which controls the lower limbs. Posterior cerebellum controls the upper limbs
73
Mossy fibres
Carry input from the cortex, spinal cord, brainstem and vestibular system to the cerebellum
74
Posterior lobe of cerebellum
Controls upper limbs and hands
75
Pathologies of the cerebellum
Huntington's, Parkinson's and Hemiballismus.
76
Angular gyrus
Translates speech into writing. Lesion causes dyslexia, alexia and dysgraphia.
77
Direct pathway
Increases movement via D2 -> Inhibits the globus pallidus internal segment and pars reticulata and subthalamic nucleus -> excitation of external globus pallidus This excites the thalamus
78
Indirect pathway
Inhibits movement via D2 ->inhibits external globus pallidus -> less inhibition on internal globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus increases inhibition on the thalamus
79
Caudate nucleus
C shape with other structures of basal ganglia present inside.
80
Limbic lobe
Unconscious insinctive behaviour
81
Non-dominant hemisphere
Prosody, muscial ability and sense of direction
82
Dominant
Language, praxis, musical ability and sense of direction
83
Folia of cerebellum
Grey matter
84
Superior temporal gyrus
Processing and receiving of sound
85
Prefrontal cortex
Includes thalamus and limbic system for decision making and cognition.
86
Primary visual cortex
Occipital lobe, where it is concentrated in the calcarine sulcus
87
Supplementary motor cortex
Rapid sequence of movement like moving your eyes quickly to opposite sides
88
Cerebellar lesion- side
Ipsilateral
89
Cortical lesion-side
Contralateral
90
Dyssernegia
Loss of synchronous multi joint movement due to cerebellar damage
91
Inferior olive
Receives input from all systems
92
Lesion to primary motor cortex
Positive babinski and contralateral flaccid paralysis
93
Parietal lobe
Dominant hemisphere will control language and calculation. Visuospatial skills on non dominant.
93
Reticulospinal tract
Reticular formation to ipsilateral muscles for muscle tone in ongoing movement and posture
94
Supramarginal gyrus
Secondary association area of the somatosensory cortex for propioception, left-right discrimination and pain
95
Association areas
Receive information from primary cortical areas to interpret and process
96
Astereoagnosia
Can't recognise objects by touch
97
Corticospinal tract
Controls skeeltal muscle and fine movement
98
Which part of the basal ganglia inhibits the thalamus?
Pars reticulata and internal segment of globus pallidus via GABA

Year 1 (191 decks)

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