B4 W3 Flashcards
Systemic lupus
Type 3 hypersensitivity caused by DNA autotantigens and failure to clear apoptotic cells. It stimulates anti-DNA antibodies which causes systemic tissue damage
Excess platelets in the blood
Essential thrombocythemia caused by JAK 2 mutation
Excess RBC due to reduced plasma volume caused by vomiting
Relative polycythaemia
IgE allergic reaction due to dust, pollen or dander.
Asthma. Causes bronchoconstriction, airway inflammation and mucus production
Hypersensitivity caused by anti-DNA antibody production
Type 3
Effect of mast cell degranulation on eyes and airways
Constriction of eye/decreased diameter, swelling, mucus secretion and congestion
Type of hypersensitivity caused by Haemolytic disease of newborn.
Type 2 hypersensitivity- Rhesus
Histamine reaction which causes raised red whelts due to vascular permeability increase
Urticaria: type 1 hypersensitivty
Cause of polycythaemia
Mutation in EPOR
Coeliac’s disease
Type 4 hypersensitivity which causes villi atrophy in the small intestine and malabsorption
Autoimmunity causes
Molecular mimicry, protein changes cryptic antigens, superantigens, bystander activation
T cells involved in allergy
TH2 cells
Proteins produced by micro-organisms or virally infected cells which activate a large number of T lymphocytes
Superantigens
Breathing difficulties, red colouring, excess bleeding, splenomegaly, itchiness
Polycythaemia
Vaccine hypersensitivity
Arthus reaction- type 3 hypersensitivity
Chronic granulomatous disease
Primary immunodeficieny. Genetic disorder affecting platelet interaction with pathogens and compromises the phagocyte oxidase system
Hypersensitivity where antigens are insect venom and cause skin swelling like erythema and dermatitis
Delayed type hypersensitivity involved in graft rejection
Immune complex deposition in the kidneys
Glomerular nephritis
Released by mast cells in type 1 hypersensitivity to cause bronchoconstriction and chemotaxis of eosinophils and neutrophils
Leukotrienes
Myelofibrosis
Cancer which causes scar tissue forming in the one marrow which may progress to leukemia
Cancer of the plasma cells, which affects antibody production
Myeloma
Cancer of lymph system
Lymphoma
Depleted white blood cell count
Leukocytopenia
Agranulocytosis and neutropenia
Causes of leukocytopenia
Type 3 hypersensitivity with purpuric patches due to antivenom
Serum sickness
Prostaglandin effects
Vasodilation, vascular permeability, broncho and gut constriction
Sensitisation involves T cell…
Dendritic cells present to naive T cells which become TH2 cells and induces B cell production of IgE. This causes allergy.
Memory cell excluding B cell for sensitisation
Th2 cell
Type of hypersensitivity of myasthenia gravis
Type 2 hypersensitivity
T cell involved in allergy
Th2 cell
Delayed type hypersensitivity
Type 4 hypersensitivity occurring 24-72 hours after infection. Dendritic cells induce production of Th1 . Examples include graft rejection during organ donation.
Secondary polycythaemia in newborns due to RBC transfusion
Neonatal polycythaemia
Disorders involving RBC and platelets
Myeloproliferative neoplasm
Polycythemia caused by JAK-2 mutation
Primary polycythaemia
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Cancer of blood and bone marrow which affects WBC due to over immune response
How eczema becomes from acute -> chronic
From Th2 response -> Th1 response
Cytokine from epithelia causing skin itching in eczema
Thymic stromal lymphopoeitin
Low RBC, High platelets and WBC
Idiopathic Myelofibrosis- a type of myeloproliferative neoplasm which is a bone marrow cancer where there is an excess production of certain formed elements
Asymptomatic, abdomen discomfort due to splenomegaly, patches, haemorrhage or thrombosis and may progress to myelofibrosis and leukemia
Essential thrombocythaemia- due to JAK 2 mutation. JAK2 is responsible for proliferation of RBC, WBC and platelets
Barrier dysfunction of protein bound to keratin in eczema
Filaggrin
Arthritis hypersensitivity
Type 3
Type 2 hypersensitivity with increased thyroid hormone production
Graves disease
Autoimmunity where self proteins are classed as foreign or proteins which were shielded are exposed
Cryptic antigen
JAK 2 Mutation
Affects the auto-inhibitory domain which allows receptor phosphorylation for signal transduction without ligand binding. Responsible for thrombocythemia, polycythaemia,
T cells involved in immune tolerance
T reg cells
Secondary polycythaemia caused by tumour
EPO secreting tumour, renal cell carcinoma or hepatocellular carcinoma
Loss of immune functioning due to illness or treatment
Secondary immunodeficiency
Effects of histamine
Gut bronchoconstriction, parietal cell secretion of gastric acid and vasodilation to cause oedema and skin itching
Late response
Part of type 1 hypersensitivity- Eosinophils release peroxidase and cause tissue damage
Goodpasture syndrome
Type 2 hypersensitivity of IgG recognition of collagen in kidney basement membrane
Hypersensitivity mediated by IgM or IgG which causes cytotoxicity via complement activation or antibody
Type 2 hypersensitivity
Tryptase
Released in mast cell degranulation which activates complement system
Processing of self-antigens which leads to epitope spreading towards other self antigens
Bystander activation
Treatment for anaphylaxis
Adrenaline/noradrenaline
Effect of vasodilation on lymphatic system
Fluid oedema occurs which overexhausts the lymphatic system
