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Year 1 > Block 5 > Flashcards

Block 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Primary delusion

A

Cannot be caused by any other factor- result of schizophrenia

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2
Q

Secondary delusion

A

Related to underlying mood

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3
Q

Which area of the hypothalamus is importnat in memory?

A

Mamillary bodies

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4
Q

Brief psychotic disorder

A

Display of psychotic behaviour such as hallucinations or delusions which occurs after stressful event. It lasts from one day to one month

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5
Q

Flight of ideas

A

Rapid shifting of ideas that makes speech difficult to follow

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6
Q

Telencephalon

A

Basal ganglia, cerebral cortex (motor + sensory) and lateral ventricles

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7
Q

Diencephalon

A

Hypothalamus, thalamus and posterior pitutiary gland

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8
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Cerebral aqueduct, cerebral peduncles and tegmentum

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9
Q

Metencephalon

A

Pons, cerebellum and 4th ventricle

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10
Q

Myelencephalon

A

Medulla and inferior 4th ventricle

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11
Q

Mesenchymal cells

A

Give rise to bone marrow, adipose tissue and muscle cells

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12
Q

What is the neural plate formed of?

A

Neural tube and neural groove. These will form the neural tube and neural crest.

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12
Q

What does the surface ectoderm form?

A

Skin, olfactoy epithelia, eye lens, hair and nails.

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13
Q

Neural crest

A

Migration of cells from the neural crest. Progentior for PNS components like cranial nerves, Schwann cells and all ganglia, even adrenal medulla. Forms pia and arachnoid mater only.

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14
Q

Mesoderm

A

progenitor for Microglia, phagocytes of CNS

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15
Q

Notochord

A

Progenitor for nucleus pulposus. Also it is derived from mesoderm and causes ectoderm ->neuroectoderm and neural plate.

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16
Q

Neural tube

A

Develops from neuroectoderm neural tubes fusing. Forms CNS compoennts like oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, brain, spinal cord and glia. It has an anterior neuropore that forms the brain and a posterior neuropore which is the conus medullaris of the spinal cord

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17
Q

What is the sulcus limitans?

A

Seperates the ventral motor systems from the dorsal sensory systems

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18
Q

What is tingling and weakenss an indication of?

A

Neurodegenerative disorder

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19
Q

What is the precursor to the motor neurones?

A

Basal plate

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20
Q

What is the precursor to the sensory neurons?

A

Alar plate

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21
Q

What is the role of Hox genes?

A

Positioning neurons along the craniocaudal axis, including motor neurons. Guides shape of skeleton for appositional growth

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22
Q

Decreased reflex, reduced tone and muscle fasiculations

A

Lower motor neurone lesion in the peripheral nerve. REDUCES everything if LOWER

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23
Q

Hypertonia, plantar reflex and fast reflex

A

Upper motor neuron reflex in the CNS, such as cortex, medulla. INCREASES everything if HIGHER

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24
Q

Which sensory pathways are anterior?

A

Sensory: ventral/anterior Spinothalamic for touch and pressure. Spinoreticular tract for awareness.
Motor: Medial corticospinal tract to control ipsilateral muscles.

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24
Q

Central cord lesion

A

Affects the centre of the spinal cord. This reduces the lateral spinothalamic tract for pain and tempareture sensation and medial corticospinal tract for weakness of the upper body

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25
Q

Which pathways are posterior?

A

Dorsal column for vibration, fine touch, propioception. Laterla corticospinal to control contralteral voluntary muscles.

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26
Q

What is spastic paresis/paralysis?

A

Occurs with UMN lesion with stiffness in legs and spasm of muscles

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27
Q

What is flaccid paresis/paralysis?

A

Occurs with LMN lesions with weakness and relaxation of the muscles

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28
Q

What is a hemisection lesion of the spinal cord?

A

One half of the spinal cord is affected. It causes Brown-Sequard syndrome with contralateral spinothalamic and ipsilateral dorsal column pathway. There will be ipsilateral spastic paresis due to corticospinal decussating in medulla

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29
Q

What is a transverse lesion of the spinal cord?

A

All motor and sensory pathways are damaged so there is ipsilateral and contralateral sensory and motor deficit.

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30
Q

Lateral nculeus of hypothalamus

A

Heat and sympathetic nervous system action

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31
Q

Subarachnoid mater

A

Between Arachnoid mater and dura mater containing CSF

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32
Q

What attaches the spinal cord to dura mater?

A

Denticulate ligament- continuation of pia mater

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33
Q

What attaches the spinal cord to dura mater?

A

Denticulate ligament- continuation of pia mater

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34
Q

Layers of the skull

A

SCALP
Skin, dense connective tissue, epicaranial aponeuorsis, loose connective tissue, periosteum eriosteum, , dura -> arachnoid -> pia mater

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35
Q

Ejaculation

A

L1 level of sympathetic nervous system

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36
Q

Absoprtion of CSF fluid

A

Arachnoid villi

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37
Q

Where does spinal cord terminate in neonates?

A

L3

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38
Q

Floor of the mouth sensory innervation

A

Lingual nerve

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39
Q

Effect of parietal lobe injury?

A

Loss of sensation due to somatosensory cortex being in parietal lobe, poor propioception, speech difficulties

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40
Q

Effect of temporal lobe injury

A

Receptive aphasia, visual memory and LTM, control of appetite, thrist and hunger due to location of hypothalaus

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41
Q

What is delirium?

A

Short onset with rapid change. Can be hyperactive and hallucinate or hypoactive and dazed. Theory is high dopamine, glutamate and noradrenaline is the cause

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42
Q

Effect of antipsychotics

A

Reduces dopamine that leads to increased prolactin and extrapyramdal effects. High rpolactin can cause infertility becaus it reduces FSH and LH and reduces libido. Acts on histamine receptor to cause weight gain

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43
Q

Antagonism of antipsychotics

A

Dopamine, histamine and serotonin

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44
Q

Lithium

A

Treatment for bioplar which causes diabetes insipidus by affecting kidney nephron

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45
Q

How does tyrosine form dopamine?

A

Via DOPA decarboxylase enzyme

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46
Q

WHere is adrenaline released?

A

Adrenal medulla

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47
Q

What supplies the anterior cerebral artery?

A

Frontal and parietal lobe

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48
Q

What does middle cerebral artery?

A

Frontal, temporal and parietal lobes

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49
Q

Branch of the facial artery

A

External carotid artery

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50
Q

What is the precursor of the posterior cerebral artery?

A

Basilar artery

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51
Q

What supplies Broca’s area?

A

Middle cerebral artery

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52
Q

Which arteries supply the cerebelllum?

A

Branches of basilar artery and vertebral artery

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53
Q

Which muscle is uninucleate?

A

Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

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54
Q

Which muscle does not have sarcomeres?

A

Smooth muscle because it is not striated

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55
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Line the ventricles and are responsible for CSF production

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56
Q

What forms the blood brain barrier?

A

Astrocytes

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57
Q

Which cells are involved in neurodegenerative conditions?

A

Microglia

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58
Q

Effect of serotonin

A

Increases intestinal moitlity

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59
Q

Effect of acetylcholine

A

Increase salivation and cause dry mouth

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60
Q

What is a characteristic of REM sleep?

A

Beta waves and abolition of muscle tone and dreaming

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61
Q

Non REM stage 1

A

Theta waves

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62
Q

Non REM-stage 3

A

Bedwetting, sleepwalking and night terrors occur at this stage

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63
Q

What hormone increases both calcium and phosphate levels?

A

Vitamin D

64
Q

What hormone increases calcium and decreases phosphate levels?

A

Parathyroid hormone- increases renal reabsorption and bowel absorption

65
Q

What are the symtpoms of multiple slcerosis?

A

Attacks myelin sheath of mainly oligodendrocytes and cases vision problems, issues with thinking, depression and axniety

66
Q

What is the primary site of calcium absorption?

A

Small intestine

67
Q

Horner’s syndrome

A

Disrutpion of sympathetic nerve supply that causes drooping of upper eyelid, constricted pupil and lack of sweat

68
Q

What is the blood supply to Wernicke’s area?

A

Inferior division of left middle cerebral artery

69
Q

Where does infection most easily spread in the CNS?

A

Loose areolar tissue

70
Q

Broca’s area

A

Superior left MCA

71
Q

Hemiballismus

A

Involuntary jerking movements caused by contralteral lesion in the basal ganglia

72
Q

Parkinson’s

A

Resting tremor, bradykinesia and rigidity

73
Q

Lesion ot left motor cortex

A

Decrease in function of right side of the body

74
Q

Alzhiemer’s disease

A

Phosphorylation of tau proteins causing neurofibrillary tangles

75
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous systemaffect the pupil?

A

Causes the eye to dilate to take in more light

76
Q

Cerebellar dysfunciton

A

Balance nad gait issues and co-ordination. Can occur in hypothyroidism

77
Q

Where is the major store of calcium found?

A

Bone as hydroxyapatite crystals

78
Q

What is the cellular effect of high intracellualr Ca2+?

A

Apoptosis

79
Q

What is the role of calcium in neurons?

A

Prevents spontaneous depolarisation by regulating Na+ channels

80
Q

What are the form of extracellular caclium?

A

Diffused free calcium or non-diffused calcium bound to albumin.

80
Q

Where is calcium stored in the cell?

A

In the endoplasmic reticulum.

81
Q

What is activate vitamin D?

A

Calitriol/ 1,25 hydroxycalciferol

82
Q

What is the cause of hypercalcemia?

A

Excess PTH, high bone resorption, low oesteoblast availability, high vitamin D intake, acidosis which reduces calcium binding to albumin. It causes muscle weakness, constipation, reduced reflexes due to less membrane depolarisation.

83
Q

What is the cause of hypocalcemia?

A

Hypoparathyroidism, hyperthyrodisim with excess calcitonin release, low bone resoprtion, high osteoblast activity, low vitamin D intake, alkalosis which increases albumin binding. Causes high neuron excitabiltiy that leads to tetanus (irregular muscle contraction), tingling/paraesthesia and muscle cramping.

84
Q

Jugular foramen

A

Accessory nerve, vagus nerve and glossopharyngeal nerve

85
Q

Sciatic nerve

A

L4 to S3

86
Q

Foramen ovale

A

Mandibular nerve for muscles of mastication and sensory innervation to the anterior 2/3 of tongue via lingual nerve. Also has accessory meningeal artery.

87
Q

Foramen rotundum

A

Maxillary nerve

88
Q

Foramen spinosum

A

Contains middle meningeal artery which supplys the dura mater

89
Q

Foramen magnum

A

Contains the vertebral arteries

90
Q

Hypoglossal canal

A

Hypoglossal nerve

91
Q

Cranial nerve test for gag reflex

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

92
Q

Cranial nerve test for torch

A

Optic nerve for sensation of light and culomotor nerve to cause pupil constriction and facial nerve for blinking

93
Q

Cranial nerve test for rubbing cotton against cornea

A

Trigeminal nerve for sensation of rubbing and facial nerve for motor action of blinking

94
Q

Where is the majority of CSF produced?

A

Choroid plexus in the lateral ventricles which contain ependymal cells but is present in all ventricles. Minroly produced by arachnoid mater

95
Q

Sciatic nerve

A

L4 to S3. Compression causes shooting pain in lower back to feet. Caused by a slipped disc due to herniation of the nucleus pulposus through the weakened annulus fibrosus that occurs with age.

96
Q

What causes intervertebral disc prolapse?

A

Lifting heavy objects and sitting position.

97
Q

What is brachail neuralgia?

A

Compression of brachial plexus that causes pain/loss of function in arm and hand

98
Q

What is lumbar pain?

A

Nerve root compression of the sciatic nerve.

99
Q

What is the cause of extradural haematoma?

A

Middle meningeal artery, a branch of the maxillary being ruptured which occurs in the space between the arachnoid mater and dura mater

100
Q

Where does cranial nerve 1 and 2 emerge?

A

Base of forebrain

101
Q

Which cranial nerves from midbrian?

A

3 and 4

102
Q

Which cranil nerves are in pons?

A

5, 6, 7, 8

103
Q

Which cranial nerves in medulla?

A

9,10,11,12

104
Q

Which region of the spinal cord is affected by a prolapse?

A

Ventral horn which causes a motor deficit

105
Q

Brown Sequard syndrome

A

Ipsilateral corticospinal and spinocerebellar for motor and dorsal column, contralateral spinothalamic

106
Q

Developmental dysplasia

A

Hip socket is too shallow to keep femoral head in place. Affects the proximal femur and can cause severe pain and arthritis. ore ocmmon in babies born in breech. Barlow and Ortolain test is used

107
Q

Primary ossification centre

A

Diaphysis

108
Q

Secondary ossification centre

A

Epiphysis

109
Q

What separetes the ossification centre?

A

Epiphyseal growth plate

110
Q

Where does the synovial joint form from?

A

Interzone area where cartilage is formed via intramembranous ossification. Fibrous joints also form from here and makes the synovial membrane and articular cartilage

110
Q

Where does the synovial joint form from?

A

Interzone area where cartilage is formed via intramembranous ossification. Fibrous joints also form from here and makes the synovial membrane and articular cartilage

111
Q

Where does the synovial joint form from?

A

Interzone area where cartilage is formed via intramembranous ossification. Fibrous joints also form from here and makes the synovial membrane and articular cartilage

112
Q

What is a strain?

A

injurty to muscles/tendons

113
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

Caused by overuse from repetitve movements that leads to joint breakdown. It is not an autoimmune conditions.

114
Q

Ankylosing spondylitis

A

Inflammation that causes the vertebrae to fuse

115
Q

Layers of spinal cord

A

Skin, supraspinous ligament, interspinous ligament, ligamentum flava, epidural space, subdural space, arachnoid space

116
Q

What type of joint is the wrist?

A

Condyloid joint

117
Q

hat type of joint is the atlantoaxial joint?

A

Pivot joint for rotation

118
Q

What type of joint is the thumb joint?

A

Saddle joint

119
Q

How is the spinous process formed?

A

By lamina posteriorly

120
Q

Trendeenburg gait

A

Pelvis dips to paralysed side where gluteal muscles are weak

121
Q

What separates the intervertberal discs from the spinal cord?

A

Posterior longitudinal ligament

122
Q

What is the role of the superior colliculu?

A

Eye movement and visual processing

123
Q

What is the role of the inferior colliculi?

A

Auditory processing

124
Q

What is the role of pons?

A

Hearing, control of facial miscles and sensation

125
Q

CT scan

A

X rays in a beam around the body tp show structural abnormalities like tumours or injuries

126
Q

PET scan

A

Absorbace of radioactive tracer to measure brain disorders such as epilepsy or cancer

127
Q

What is the cervical enlargement?

A

Brachial plexus at C4-T1

128
Q

What is the lumbar enlargement?

A

Lumbar/sciatic nerve at L2-S3

129
Q

What is the blood supply to the corpus callosum?

A

Anterior cerebral artery

130
Q

What is the blood supply to the splenium of corpus callosum?

A

Posterior cerebral artery

131
Q

fMRI

A

Magnetic field to measure oxygenated blood delivery to the brain via converting H atoms to images

132
Q

Primary auditory cortex

A

Superior temporal gyrus

133
Q

What is important for the functioning of parathyroid hormone?

A

Magnesium

134
Q

How does parathyroid hormone affect bone?

A

Increases calcium levels by binding to osteoBLASTS to signal increased activity of osteoclasts. It is indirect.

135
Q

What is the components of the skull?

A

Brain, CSF and blood

136
Q

Effect of parathyroid hormone on ions?

A

Decreases renal phosphate absorption. Increases GI phosphate absorption by increasing vitamin D.

137
Q

What does the subclavian artery form?

A

Vertebral artery, internal thoracic artery and thyrocervical trunk for inferior thyroid artery

138
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Softening of bones due to vitamin D deficiency

139
Q

What regulates calcium homeostatsis?

A

PTH and calcitonin and minorly by calcitriol

140
Q

What regulates calcium absorption

A

PTH and calcitonin

141
Q

Rickets

A

Osteomalacia in children with softened/weakened bones due to vitamin D deficiency, calcium or phosphate which causes delayed growth

142
Q

Where is dopamine synthesised in the brain?

A

Substantia nigra and ventral tegmental are

143
Q

Which muscarinic receptors are located in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Sweat glands and eyes for dilation

144
Q

Effect of calcitriol

A

Increases renal reabsorption of phosphate and osteolysis

145
Q

Where is vitamin D converted into its active form?

A

Kidneys

146
Q

What happens in liver?

A

Formation of 1.hydroxycalciferol

147
Q

Action of glycine?

A

Influx of Cl- for inhibiton

148
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord

A

Glycine

149
Q

Nucleus accumbens

A

Produces GABA and dopamine. Dopamine from ventral tegmentum binds to nucleus accumbens. Involved in the dopaminergic pathway for pleasure as part of the mesolimbic system. It is invovled in drug addiction

150
Q

Which cells produce calcitonin?

A

Parafollicular cells of thyroid- calcitonininhibits osteoclasts

151
Q

Glutamate receptor for fast transmission

A

AMPA receptor which is Na
+ and K+

152
Q

NMDA receptor

A

Voltage gated Ca2+ channel- activated after sustained glucose release

153
Q

Positive punishment

A

Adding effect like slapping to deter behaviour

154
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Adding effect to encourage behaviour

155
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Removing something to encorage behaviour

156
Q

Negative punishment

A

Removing something to deter behaviour

157
Q

Kainate receptor

A

Na+ and K+channel

Year 1 (191 decks)

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