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Year 1 > B5 W2 > Flashcards

B5 W2 Flashcards

1
Q

Predicts equilibrium potential of a single ion, depending on conc in and outside of cell

A

Nernst equation

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2
Q

Cranial nerve, branch of the vagus, which controls swallowing

A

Accessory nerve

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3
Q

Electrotonic potential

A

Created in dendrites from change in ion conductance

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4
Q

Nuclei in pons for taste and causes tear secretion

A

Facial nerve

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5
Q

Ventromedial pathway

A

Mainly ipsilateral pathway which innervates the trunk and proximal muscles

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6
Q

Cerebral peduncles

A

Paired bundles of axons from the cortex and include the corticobulbar, corticospinal and corticopontine tracts

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7
Q

Tract controls voluntary skeletal muscle, fine movement and sensory modulation

A

Corticospinal tract

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8
Q

Allodynia

A

Pain from a non-painful stimulus

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9
Q

Brainstem lesion on sensory

A

Contralateral loss of both pathways

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10
Q

Corticobulbar tract

A

Pyramidal UMN tract which controls the muscles of the face, head and neck. It provides input to the cranial nerves associated with the head such as facial, accessory, hypoglossal, glossopharyngeal and vagus from the brain.

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11
Q

Cerebellar neurons

A

aids movement by controlling UMN to correct movement.
Inhibitory cerebellar neurons: Purkinje, basket, stellate and golgi cells.
Excitatory cerebellar neurons: granule cells and brush cells

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12
Q

Conduction is faster in smaller neurons

A

Unmyelinated

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13
Q

Conduction is faster in larger neurons

A

Myelinated

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14
Q

Rubrospinal tract

A

Originates in red nuclei of midbrain; decassates in midbrain and provides contralateral supply to control muscle tone in flexor group and co-ordinate movement

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15
Q

Nuclei in the midbrain which control eye movement

A

Oculomotor nerve

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16
Q

Resting membrane potential determinants

A

High K+ permeability, Na+/k+ Pump and low portein permeability

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17
Q

Local circuit neurons

A

Receive input from somatic sensory neurons. They are close to LMN soma which co-ordinate rhythmic movement

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18
Q

Neurons which modulate respiratory rhythm

A

Pontine respiratory group. Consists of pneumotaxic centre which inhibits respiration and apneustic centre which increases respiration.

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19
Q

Position of head and neck and balance

A

Vestibulospinal tract

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20
Q

Nociceptive pain is carried by…

A

C afferents

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21
Q

Innocus stimulation is carried by…

A

A beta afferents

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22
Q

Level of spinal cord where neurons decassate

A

Entry

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23
Q

Nociceptors for first pain

A

Mechanical and thermal

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24
Q

Hyperalgesia around tissue damage site

A

Secondary hyperalgesia

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25
Q

Posture and gait and modulates sensation

A

Reticulospinal system

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26
Q

Anaesthetic which is less stable w/ allergic reaction

A

Ester

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27
Q

Cranial nerve 5, 6, 7, 8

A

Pons

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28
Q

Below T6

A

Gracile
-> Fasiculi in spinal cord
-> Nucleus in medulla

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29
Q

Cranial nerve 9, 10, 11, 12

A

Medulla

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30
Q

Lamina II

A

Substantia gelatinosa where first and second order neurons synapse

31
Q

Nuclei which induce breathing

A

Medullary- contains dorsal respiraotry group for inspiration and ventral respiratory group for expiration

32
Q

Rubrospinal tract decussation

A

Midbrain

33
Q

Brown-Sequard syndrome

A

Ipsilateral loss of Dorsal column and paralysis
Contralateral loss of spinothalamic

34
Q

Number of neurons in motor pathway

A

2

35
Q

Vasoconstrictors used with local anaesthetics

A

Adrenaline

36
Q

Lesion in Rubrospinal tract

A

Causes intention tremors and impaired distal arm and hand movements

37
Q

Pathological pain

A

Innocous stimulation by A-Beta afferents for allodynia and tissue damage by C afferents

38
Q

Unconscious sensation modifying cerebellar activity

A

Spino-olivary

39
Q

Neurotransmitters used to activate second order neurons in nociceptive pathway

A

Glutamate and substance P

40
Q

Unmyelinated neurons

A

Velocity varies as a square root

41
Q

Above level of T6

A

Cuneate
Fasiculi- spinal cord
Nucleus- spinal cord

42
Q

Cranial nerves from the midbrain

A

Cranial nerve 3 and 4

43
Q

Equation for valence and permeability of multiple ions

A

Goldmann equation

44
Q

Assist movement by providing input to UMN and suppress unwanted movements

A

Basal nuclei

45
Q

Repolarisation

A

+40mV where voltage senstiive K+ channels are open and Na+ are closed

46
Q

Spinal trigeminal tract

A

Nociceptive afferents of the face and head cranial nerve 5, 6, 7, 8 enter the pons and descend to the medulla

47
Q

Crude touch

A

Anterior spinothalamic tract

48
Q

Descending endogenous analgesic pathway

A

Endogenous opioids act on the periaqueductal grey matter and raphe nuclei to reduce serotonin, substance P and glutamate action for pain transmission.

49
Q

Proximal limbs, trunk muscle and muscle corrections

A

Ventromedial tract

50
Q

Large diameter afferents for mechanoreceptors

A

A-alpha and A-beta

51
Q

Ipsilateral dorsal column loss and contralateral spinothalamic loss

A

Spinal cord lesion

52
Q

Nuclei which regulate chronotropy and inotropy

A

Cardiovascular centre

53
Q

Nuclei in rostral brain

A

Cranial nerve 1 and 2

54
Q

Toes flex up and causes dorsiflexion

A

Babinski sign

55
Q

Regulates activity of cerebellar nuclei

A

Inferior olivary nuclei

56
Q

Substances induced by hyperalgesia

A

Substance P, prostaglandins, bradykinin, histamine

57
Q

Medical disorder characterised by chronic pain by allodynia

A

Fibromyalgia

58
Q

Pain and temperature

A

Lateral corticospinal tract

59
Q

Where second order neurons decussate in the spinothalamic tract

A

Anterior white commisure

60
Q

Unconscious pathway involving propioception and movement co-ordination

A

Spinocerebellar tract

61
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive information in the neuron

62
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

-70mV

63
Q

Myelinated neurons

A

Velocity is linear with diameter/ larger diameter= faster velocity

64
Q

Local anaesthetics

A

Prevent transmissions of action potentials by blocking voltage gated Na+ channels

65
Q

Disassociated sensory loss

A

Preservation of fine touch and propioception

66
Q

Neurotransmitters for pain transmission in hyperalgesia

A

Substance P, and inflammation related prostaglandin, histamine and bradykinin

67
Q

Decassation in corticospinal tract

A

Anterior corticospinal tract does not decassate. Lateral corticospinal tract decassates at the pyramids of the medulla.

68
Q

Neuron which decassates in spinothalamic pathway

A

Second order neuron at the anterior white commissure

69
Q

Lesion in corticospinal tract

A

Loss of agility and independent finger flexion.
Above decassation: positive Babinski, contralateral spastic paresis
Below decassation: ipsilateral spastic paresis and positive Babinski

70
Q

Where do second and third order neurons synapse?

A

Ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus

71
Q

Central modulation of pain

A

Regulation of pain by higher brain centres and emotion

72
Q

Components of grey matter

A

Central canal, ventral horn and dorsal horn

73
Q

Vetibulospinal tract

A

Ipsilateral. Arises from vestibular nuclei in the 4th ventricle to split into:
Medial VST: Cervical segments
Lateral VST: spinal segments. It excites extensor muscles and inhibits flexor muscles.

Vestibular nuclei has an afferent pathway via the inferior cerebellar peduncles to communicate with the vestibulocerebellum.

74
Q

Pyramidal tract

A

Carries UMN input to the brainstem or spinal cord. Includes the corticobulbar tract and lateral corticospinal and anterior corticospinal tract

Year 1 (191 decks)

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