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Year 1 > B2 W2 > Flashcards

B2 W2 Flashcards

1
Q

What drives gas diffusion in the blood?

A

Partial pressure

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2
Q

What are the branches of the aortic arch?

A

Brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid and left subclavian artery

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3
Q

Atelectasis

A

Collapsed lung

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4
Q

Ability of a gas to diffuse between alveolar air and blood

A

Diffusing capacity

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5
Q

Fold of pleura from the lung root to the mediastinum to stabilise the inferior lobe

A

Pulmonary ligament

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6
Q

Boyle’s law

A

Boyle’s law
Constant temp where volume is inversely proportional to pressure

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7
Q

Lamina propia

A

Area under the epithelia which provides blood supply. It connects epithelia to smooth muscle and causes change in shape to epithelia.

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8
Q

Superior mediastinum

A

Begins at T4/T5 and the 2nd costal cartilage

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9
Q

What is O2 saturation in Hb?

A

SaO2

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10
Q

Alveolar epithelia

A

Alveolar macrophages, type 1 pneumocytes and type 2 pneumocytes

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11
Q

Tidal volume + IRV + ERV

A

Vital capacity

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12
Q

Hypokalemia
Tachycardia
Low or normal BP
Loss of excess CO2 via hyperventilation; HCO3- decreases and ph rises.
Kidney excretes HCO3 and retains H+ to restore ph but HCO3- and CO2 is still low.

A

Respiratory alkalosis

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13
Q

Effects of hyperkalemia

A

Hyperkalemia causes heart dysrhythmia. High K+ initially increases membrane excitability because membrane potential decreases and can cause tachycardia. But leads to refractory period and membrane is less likely to fully depolarise

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14
Q

Effects of hypokalemia

A

Hypokalemia causes tachycardia. Low K+ increases resting membrane potential and duration of the refractory period.

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15
Q

Amount of air forcefully exhaled after deep breath

A

Forced vital capacity

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16
Q

Position of pulmonary artery in right lung hilum

A

Anterior

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17
Q

Air in lungs after normal breath out

A

Functional capacity

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18
Q

What contains the two pulmonary cavities and central mediastinum?

A

Thoracic cavity

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19
Q

Where is the heart?

A

Middle mediastinum

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20
Q

Connective tissue below mucosa which releases watery secretions

A

Submucosa- in the nose, it humidifies air

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21
Q

Dead space + volume of air entering alveoli

A

Tidal volume

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22
Q

Rib level of parietal pleura

A

10th rib

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23
Q

Rib level of bottom of lungs

A

8th rib

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24
Q

Which mediastinum contains the vagus nerve, oesophagus, thoracic duct, descending aorta, azygous vein, hemiazygous and accessory hemiazygous veins, lymph nodes?

A

Inferior posterior mediastinum

25
Q

Stem cells of respiratory system

A

Basal cells

26
Q

Amount of air after normal breath out

A

Functional residual capacity

27
Q

ERV + RV

A

Functional residual capacity

28
Q

Opening of sphenoid sinus above the superior conchae

A

Sphenoethmoidal recess

29
Q

Amount of air left after full expiratory volume is exhaled

A

Residual volume

30
Q

What records the changes in volume of an organ?

A

Plethysmography

31
Q

Space between visceral and costal pleura where lungs expand into

A

Costamediastinal recess

32
Q

Azygous vein

A

Single vein which drains the chest wall,

33
Q

Cells that replace goblet cells in the bronchioles and secrete fluid

A

Clara cells

34
Q

Function of mucus

A

Creates a warm humid environment for respiratory epithelia

35
Q

Mediastinum which contains the phrenic nerve, deep cardiac plexus, pulmonary vasculature, heart and pericardium

A

Middle mediastinum

35
Q

Mediastinum which contains the phrenic nerve, deep cardiac plexus, pulmonary vasculature, heart and pericardium

A

Middle mediastinum

36
Q

Air following full expiratory volume

A

Residual volume

37
Q

Law where the volume of gas and temp is proportional

A

Charles’ law

38
Q

Amount of O2 bound to Hb and in arterial blood

A

CaO2

39
Q

Receptors located in alveolar and bronchial walls close to capillaries. Afferents are unmyelinated C fibres or myelinated vagus nerves.

A

Juxtapulmonary receptors/juxtacapillary receptors

40
Q

What causes activation of the juxtapulmonary receptors?

A

Activated by increased fluid caused by oedema, alveolar wall fluid or pulmonary congestion as the product of inflammation. Reduces breathing, HR and induces relaxation of muscles

41
Q

Air left in the lungs after a breath out

A

Functional capacity

42
Q

Hyperkalemia
Dysrhhythmia of heart
Hyperreflexia
Low BP
Hypoventilation

A

Respiratory acidosis

43
Q

What is the response to respiratory acidosis?

A

Kidneys retain HCO3- and excrete H+ to restore ph. Increased ventilation. Levels of CO2 and HCO3- remain high

44
Q

Which mediastinum contains the aortic arch, brachiocephalic veins, trachea, oesophagus and thoracic duct?

A

Superior mediastinum

45
Q

Which mediastinum contains the Vagus nerve, oesophagus, azygous vein, hemiazygous, accessory hemiazygous and lymph nodes?

A

Posterior mediastinum

46
Q

The additional amount of air that can be exhaled after a normal exhalation.

A

Expiratory reserve volume

47
Q

Conducting zone

A

Nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles

48
Q

Openings in alveolar walls which allows gases and macrophages to travel

A

Pores of Kohn

49
Q

expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

A

Functional residual capacity

50
Q

Vt + IRV + ERV

A

Vital capacity

51
Q

Which effect is the uptake of O2 by deoxyhaemoglobin?

A

Haldane effect

52
Q

What are the components of the respiratory zone?

A

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli

53
Q

Lingula

A

On the left lung, below the cardiac notch

54
Q

Which receptors are involved in the Hering-Bruer reflex?

A

Mechanoreceptors

55
Q

Which effect is the release of O2 from HbO2 due to increased levels of CO2 in the blood/lower ph?

A

Bohr Effect

56
Q

Which fissure is present in both lungs?

A

Oblique fissure

57
Q

Type 1 pneumocytes

A

Form occluding junctions and form blood-gas interface in alveoli. Formed of simple squamous epithelia.

58
Q

Type 2 pneumocytes

A

Cuboidal alveolar cells which secrete surfactant and can form occluding junctions.

Year 1 (191 decks)

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