B2 W2 Flashcards
What drives gas diffusion in the blood?
Partial pressure
What are the branches of the aortic arch?
Brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid and left subclavian artery
Atelectasis
Collapsed lung
Ability of a gas to diffuse between alveolar air and blood
Diffusing capacity
Fold of pleura from the lung root to the mediastinum to stabilise the inferior lobe
Pulmonary ligament
Boyle’s law
Boyle’s law
Constant temp where volume is inversely proportional to pressure
Lamina propia
Area under the epithelia which provides blood supply. It connects epithelia to smooth muscle and causes change in shape to epithelia.
Superior mediastinum
Begins at T4/T5 and the 2nd costal cartilage
What is O2 saturation in Hb?
SaO2
Alveolar epithelia
Alveolar macrophages, type 1 pneumocytes and type 2 pneumocytes
Tidal volume + IRV + ERV
Vital capacity
Hypokalemia
Tachycardia
Low or normal BP
Loss of excess CO2 via hyperventilation; HCO3- decreases and ph rises.
Kidney excretes HCO3 and retains H+ to restore ph but HCO3- and CO2 is still low.
Respiratory alkalosis
Effects of hyperkalemia
Hyperkalemia causes heart dysrhythmia. High K+ initially increases membrane excitability because membrane potential decreases and can cause tachycardia. But leads to refractory period and membrane is less likely to fully depolarise
Effects of hypokalemia
Hypokalemia causes tachycardia. Low K+ increases resting membrane potential and duration of the refractory period.
Amount of air forcefully exhaled after deep breath
Forced vital capacity
Position of pulmonary artery in right lung hilum
Anterior
Air in lungs after normal breath out
Functional capacity
What contains the two pulmonary cavities and central mediastinum?
Thoracic cavity
Where is the heart?
Middle mediastinum
Connective tissue below mucosa which releases watery secretions
Submucosa- in the nose, it humidifies air
Dead space + volume of air entering alveoli
Tidal volume
Rib level of parietal pleura
10th rib
Rib level of bottom of lungs
8th rib
Which mediastinum contains the vagus nerve, oesophagus, thoracic duct, descending aorta, azygous vein, hemiazygous and accessory hemiazygous veins, lymph nodes?
Inferior posterior mediastinum
Stem cells of respiratory system
Basal cells
Amount of air after normal breath out
Functional residual capacity
ERV + RV
Functional residual capacity
Opening of sphenoid sinus above the superior conchae
Sphenoethmoidal recess
Amount of air left after full expiratory volume is exhaled
Residual volume
What records the changes in volume of an organ?
Plethysmography
Space between visceral and costal pleura where lungs expand into
Costamediastinal recess
Azygous vein
Single vein which drains the chest wall,
Cells that replace goblet cells in the bronchioles and secrete fluid
Clara cells
Function of mucus
Creates a warm humid environment for respiratory epithelia
Mediastinum which contains the phrenic nerve, deep cardiac plexus, pulmonary vasculature, heart and pericardium
Middle mediastinum
Mediastinum which contains the phrenic nerve, deep cardiac plexus, pulmonary vasculature, heart and pericardium
Middle mediastinum
Air following full expiratory volume
Residual volume
Law where the volume of gas and temp is proportional
Charles’ law
Amount of O2 bound to Hb and in arterial blood
CaO2
Receptors located in alveolar and bronchial walls close to capillaries. Afferents are unmyelinated C fibres or myelinated vagus nerves.
Juxtapulmonary receptors/juxtacapillary receptors
What causes activation of the juxtapulmonary receptors?
Activated by increased fluid caused by oedema, alveolar wall fluid or pulmonary congestion as the product of inflammation. Reduces breathing, HR and induces relaxation of muscles
Air left in the lungs after a breath out
Functional capacity
Hyperkalemia
Dysrhhythmia of heart
Hyperreflexia
Low BP
Hypoventilation
Respiratory acidosis
What is the response to respiratory acidosis?
Kidneys retain HCO3- and excrete H+ to restore ph. Increased ventilation. Levels of CO2 and HCO3- remain high
Which mediastinum contains the aortic arch, brachiocephalic veins, trachea, oesophagus and thoracic duct?
Superior mediastinum
Which mediastinum contains the Vagus nerve, oesophagus, azygous vein, hemiazygous, accessory hemiazygous and lymph nodes?
Posterior mediastinum
The additional amount of air that can be exhaled after a normal exhalation.
Expiratory reserve volume
Conducting zone
Nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles
Openings in alveolar walls which allows gases and macrophages to travel
Pores of Kohn
expiratory reserve volume + residual volume
Functional residual capacity
Vt + IRV + ERV
Vital capacity
Which effect is the uptake of O2 by deoxyhaemoglobin?
Haldane effect
What are the components of the respiratory zone?
Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli
Lingula
On the left lung, below the cardiac notch
Which receptors are involved in the Hering-Bruer reflex?
Mechanoreceptors
Which effect is the release of O2 from HbO2 due to increased levels of CO2 in the blood/lower ph?
Bohr Effect
Which fissure is present in both lungs?
Oblique fissure
Type 1 pneumocytes
Form occluding junctions and form blood-gas interface in alveoli. Formed of simple squamous epithelia.
Type 2 pneumocytes
Cuboidal alveolar cells which secrete surfactant and can form occluding junctions.
