Block 5 W4 IMPORTANT REVIEW PLSSS

Question 1

What are the layers of the skull?

Answer 1

Skin, dense connective tissue, epicranial aponeurosis, loose connective tissue and the pericranium

Question 2

Dense connective tissue

Answer 2

Fibrofatty layer below the skin

Question 3

Loose connective tissue

Answer 3

Loose areolar connective tissue which allows for movement

Question 4

Pericranium

Answer 4

Pneumatic bone of the skull

Question 5

Epidural layer

Answer 5

Contains epidural fatty connective tissue

Question 6

Dura mater

Answer 6

Double membrane of periosteal layer and meningeal layer

Question 7

Arachnoid mater

Answer 7

Avascular connective tissue layer

Question 8

Pia mater

Answer 8

Highly vascularised and very close to the brain

Question 9

Meningitis

Answer 9

Inflammation of the meninges of the brain caused by bacteria in the bloodstream. Inflammation leads to cerebral oedema and raised intracranial pressure.

Question 10

Superior cerebral vein

Answer 10

Superior cerebral vein drains the superior surface into the saggital sinus

Question 11

Superior anastomotic vein

Answer 11

Connects superficial middle cerebral vein to the superior saggital sinus

Question 12

Superior middle cerebral vein

Answer 12

Drains the lateral surface of the hemispheres

Question 13

Inferior cerebral vein

Answer 13

Drains the inferior aspect of cerebral hemisphere

Question 14

Inferior anastomotic vein

Answer 14

Connects the superficial middle cerebral vein to the transverse sinus

Question 15

Area 40

Answer 15

Area 40: left-right discrimination, sensation and praxia.

Question 16

Lesion of Area 39

Answer 16

Alexia, dysgraphia and alexia

Question 17

Lesion of Area 40

Answer 17

Hemineglect, apraxia and loss of left-right discrimination

Question 18

Calcarine sulcus

Answer 18

Calcarine sulcus receives vision information

Question 19

Superior temporal gyrus

Answer 19

Primary auditory cortex

Question 20

Where is the input to the basal ganglia?

Answer 20

The striata, which receives glutamate signals from the cerebral cortex

Question 21

Pars reticulata

Answer 21

Output neuron of the basal ganglia. Pars reticulata is a portion of the substantia nigra which releases inhibitory GABA that has connections to the superior colliculi to control eye movements

Question 22

Pars compacta

Answer 22

Input neuron of the basal ganglia. Pars compacta is a portion of the substantia nigra which releases dopamine to control subthalamic inhibition for motor movement.

Question 23

Output of the basal ganglia

Answer 23

Substantia nigra pars reticulata and globus pallidus internal segment

Question 24

Intrinsic nuclei of basal ganglia

Answer 24

Pars compacta, globus pallidus external segment and subthalamic nuclei

Question 25

D1 receptors

Answer 25

Direct pathway to allow for subthalamic inhibition of motor movement

Question 26

D2 receptors

Answer 26

Indirect pathway to suppress the inhibition of the subthalamic nucleus and initiates motor movement

Question 27

D3 receptors

Answer 27

Cognition, attention impulse control, attention

Question 28

D4 receptors

Answer 28

Cognition, attention impulse control, attention

Question 29

D5 receptors

Answer 29

Decision making, cognition, attention, renin secretion

Question 30

Which dopamine receptors are expressed in the striata?

Answer 30

D1, 2, D3, D4, D5

Question 31

Which dopamine receptors are expressed in the substantia nigra?

Answer 31

D1 and D5

Question 32

How does dopamine affect other hormones?

Answer 32

Reduces production of serotonin and histamine; inversely proportional relationship

Question 33

How is Parkinson’s treated?

Answer 33

D2 receptor agonists, drugs to increase dopamine availabilty such as amantadine

Question 34

What drug is commonly used with levodopa?

Answer 34

Carbidopa which inhibits DOPA decarboxylase to prevent peripheral conversion of levodopa to dopamine