Block 5 W4 IMPORTANT REVIEW PLSSS Flashcards
What are the layers of the skull?
Skin, dense connective tissue, epicranial aponeurosis, loose connective tissue and the pericranium
Dense connective tissue
Fibrofatty layer below the skin
Loose connective tissue
Loose areolar connective tissue which allows for movement
Pericranium
Pneumatic bone of the skull
Epidural layer
Contains epidural fatty connective tissue
Dura mater
Double membrane of periosteal layer and meningeal layer
Arachnoid mater
Avascular connective tissue layer
Pia mater
Highly vascularised and very close to the brain
Meningitis
Inflammation of the meninges of the brain caused by bacteria in the bloodstream. Inflammation leads to cerebral oedema and raised intracranial pressure.
Superior cerebral vein
Superior cerebral vein drains the superior surface into the saggital sinus
Superior anastomotic vein
Connects superficial middle cerebral vein to the superior saggital sinus
Superior middle cerebral vein
Drains the lateral surface of the hemispheres
Inferior cerebral vein
Drains the inferior aspect of cerebral hemisphere
Inferior anastomotic vein
Connects the superficial middle cerebral vein to the transverse sinus
Area 40
Area 40: left-right discrimination, sensation and praxia.
Lesion of Area 39
Alexia, dysgraphia and alexia
Lesion of Area 40
Hemineglect, apraxia and loss of left-right discrimination
Calcarine sulcus
Calcarine sulcus receives vision information
Superior temporal gyrus
Primary auditory cortex
Where is the input to the basal ganglia?
The striata, which receives glutamate signals from the cerebral cortex
Pars reticulata
Output neuron of the basal ganglia. Pars reticulata is a portion of the substantia nigra which releases inhibitory GABA that has connections to the superior colliculi to control eye movements
Pars compacta
Input neuron of the basal ganglia. Pars compacta is a portion of the substantia nigra which releases dopamine to control subthalamic inhibition for motor movement.
Output of the basal ganglia
Substantia nigra pars reticulata and globus pallidus internal segment
Intrinsic nuclei of basal ganglia
Pars compacta, globus pallidus external segment and subthalamic nuclei
D1 receptors
Direct pathway to allow for subthalamic inhibition of motor movement
D2 receptors
Indirect pathway to suppress the inhibition of the subthalamic nucleus and initiates motor movement
D3 receptors
Cognition, attention impulse control, attention
D4 receptors
Cognition, attention impulse control, attention
D5 receptors
Decision making, cognition, attention, renin secretion
Which dopamine receptors are expressed in the striata?
D1, 2, D3, D4, D5
Which dopamine receptors are expressed in the substantia nigra?
D1 and D5
How does dopamine affect other hormones?
Reduces production of serotonin and histamine; inversely proportional relationship
How is Parkinson’s treated?
D2 receptor agonists, drugs to increase dopamine availabilty such as amantadine
What drug is commonly used with levodopa?
Carbidopa which inhibits DOPA decarboxylase to prevent peripheral conversion of levodopa to dopamine
