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Year 1 > B6 W3 > Flashcards

B6 W3 Flashcards

1
Q

Persistent pain cycle

A

Less active, loss of fitness, sleep problems, stress, medication side effects which leads to more persistent pain

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2
Q

Regulation of the HPA axis

A

Cortisol feedback which binds to glucocorticoid receptors of the hippocampus to suppress the hypothalamus release of CRH

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3
Q

Emotional response to stress

A

Tearful, irritability, over-reacting

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4
Q

Stores of memory

A

Sensory- unprocessed for 0.5 to 3 seconds but a large capacity
Short term- for a few seconds or longer. More limited capacity than sensory but lasts longer.
Long-term: hours-> years with unlimited capacity

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5
Q

Illness cognition

A

A patients implicit beliefs about their illness and how they cope with it.

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6
Q

Salience

A

What makes something stand out- the more positive something seems, the more desirable it is, dependent on emotional response. Connected to identity

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7
Q

Ventral tegmental area

A

Dopaminergic and dopamine binds to the accumbens nucleus and prefrontal cortex, causing pleasure

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8
Q

Properties of addictive substances

A

Salience, mood modification, tolerance, withdrawal, causes neglect of other activities and relapse

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9
Q

Factors which contribute to alcoholism

A

Genetic, social, upbringing

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10
Q

Effect of glucoorticoid

A

Proteolysis, lipolysis, gluconeogenesis, Increase blood glucose levels, maintain blood pressure,

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11
Q

Behavioural response to stress

A

Comfort eating/loss of appettite, excess drinking.smoking, excess activity/underactivity and disturbed sleep, poor medication compliance

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12
Q

Stages of change

A

Precontemplative, contemplative, preparation, action, maintenance and relapse

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13
Q

Aspects of illness cognition

A

Identity- Label the illness and symtpoms
Timeline- perceived duration of symptoms
consequences of illness
cause about the ideas- punishment, eg
Control/cure

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14
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Molecules with potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties used to treat autoimmune conditions

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15
Q

Central sensitisation

A

Development and maintenance of chronic pain, where the CNS is in a state of high reactivitiy which lowers the pain threshold

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16
Q

Effect of acute stressors on the immune system

A

Upregulation

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17
Q

Short term stress response

A

Increases HER, BP, divert blood to heart and skeletal muscles, increase metabolic rate

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18
Q

What is preserved in semantic dementia?

A

Memory of recent events, phonology and syntax, visual-spaital skills

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19
Q

What stage in the cycle of change does the patient make changes?

A

Action

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20
Q

Addiction maintenance

A

Long term memory encoding of substance-taking behaviours and reduced frontal inhibition

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21
Q

Somatisation

A

Physical expression of psychological pain with no organic/physical basis- common compaints are headaches, GI pain, back pain

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22
Q

Amygdala

A

Located in the temporal lobe. Receives sensory information via the basolateral nucleus from the hippocampus and temporal lobes. Sends signals through its central nucleus to the:
-> hypothalamus stimulate the HPA axis for long term stress.
-> the periaqueductal grey matter to increase avoidance behaviour.
-> diffuse modulatory system to increase vigilance

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23
Q

Positive reinforcer of addiction

A

Substance like drugs or alcohol

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24
Q

Negative reinforcer of addiction

A

Withdrawal symptoms

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25
Q

What causes low white blood cell count in stress?

A

Aldosterone

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26
Q

Effects of aldosterone

A

Causes immune suppression and sodium and water retention to increase BP

27
Q

Anterior temporal lobe

A

Long term semantic memory and non-declarative memory

28
Q

What heightens pain/causes more pain gates to be open?

A

Stress, psychological factors, boredom, lack of activity

29
Q

Hippocampus

A

Suppresses the HPA axis

30
Q

Temporal gradient

A

Childhood memories are preserved but events before and since brain damage are not remembered

31
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Mobilising lipids and adipose stores, glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

32
Q

Stress- effects

A

Ulcers, high BP and cortisol,, low WBC , blood sugar fluctuation, susceptibility to cancer

33
Q

Generalised anxiety disorder

A

Anxiety over 6 months

34
Q

Episodic memory

A

Hippocampus- located in the medial temporal lobe . It has LTM stores.

35
Q

Dependence

A

Compulsive need for a drug

36
Q

Addictive substances

A

Pleasure-producing potency, rapid onset of action, short duration of action, tolerance and withdrawal

37
Q

Adrenocorticotropin hormone

A

Acts on the adrenal glands above the kidneys

38
Q

Reverse temporal gradient

A

Impaired recall of facts and distant events- occurs in semantic dementia

39
Q

Cognitive stress response

A

Difficulty concentrating, making decisions, self-criticism, sensitivity to criticism

40
Q

Sleep for memory consolidation

A

Slow-wave sleep

41
Q

Stages of encoding memory

A

Acquisition (into STM)

42
Q

Secondary stress appraisal

A

Of personal coping abilities or personal resources and immediate social network

43
Q

Non-declarative memory

A

Procedural memory, classical conditioning and priming

44
Q

Panic disorder

A

Brief periods of intense terror and apprehension with shortness of breath and hyperventilation

45
Q

Nucleus accumbens

A

Sub cortical structure in the forebrain. Involved in the dopaminergic pathway for pleasure as part of the mesolimbic system. It is invovled in drug addiction via glutamate transmission which is associated with relapse due to increased prefonrtal drive of the cortex to drug associated stimuli

46
Q

SSRI uses

A

Anxiety and depression

47
Q

Decay theory

A

When we learn something new, a neurochemical physical trace is formed

48
Q

Periaqueductal grey matter

A

Midbrain region surrounding the cerebral aqueduct. Receives signals from the central nucleus of the amygdala to increase avoidance behaviour in stress and pain. Responsible for descending modulation of pain perception via both inhibition of pain perception and facillitation of pain perception

49
Q

Periaqueductal grey matter- descending pain pathways

A

Projects to the ventromedial medulla which contains serotenergic raphe nuclei to inhibit neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord of the spinothalamic pathway. This pathway is modulated by serotonin and noradrenaline

50
Q

What neurotransmitters are involved in pain?

A

Glutamate which acts on ionotropic AMPA, NMDA or kainate receptors on the a-delta myelinated pain afferents transmitting to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord from the nociceptors. Substance P is released by nerves and inflammatory cells and acts on neurokinin receptors on unmyelinated C fibres in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. It is inhibited by the periaqueductal grey matter descending pain pathway via serotonin.

51
Q

Where do third order neurons terminate of the spinothalamic pathway?

A

From the thalamus to the somatosensory cortex and periaqueductal grey matter

52
Q

What inhibits the periaqueductal descending pain pathways?

A

Mu opioid receptors, GABA

53
Q

Endogenous opioid receptors

A

G protein coupled receptors which arise from terminals of the amygdala and hypothalamus. They regulate neurotransmission of pain by causing hyperpolarisaiton of cells in the dorsal horn. It reduces the release of susbtance P from first order neurons and causes hyperpolarisation of second order neuorns which reduces action potentials

54
Q

How do endogenous opioid receptors act on the periaqueductal grey matter?

A

Enhance descending inhibition of the pain pathway where it is found in the periaqueductal grey matter and raphe nucleus of the ventromedial medulla

55
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

Involved in higher thinking. implicated with low dopamine levels in mesocortical pathway

56
Q

Motivational interviewing

A

Promotes change via:
Empathy thorough reflecting listening, determine discrepancy between client’s goals and current behaviour, avoid confrontation, adjust to resistance and support self-efficacy

57
Q

Physical management of pain

A

Graded exercise, medication management, pain education, intrathecal device

58
Q

Gradual loss of memory- organic

A

Alzheimer’s, amnesia and dementia

59
Q

Final common pathway for drug seeking

A

Release of glutamate from the nucleus accumbens in response to increased excitability of neurons from the prefrontal cortex . This is due to reduced inhibitory presynaptic regulation of excitatory glutamate transmission as a result of consistent drug use that causes changes in prefrontal cortex.

60
Q

Short-term stress response

A

Mobilises glucose reserves, increases HR, metabolic rate and circulation

61
Q

Dopamine in substantia nigra

A

Pars compacta projects onto the striata, concerned with motor functioning

62
Q

How are brain structures affected in PTSD?

A

Reduced size of the hippocampus and abnormal activation of the amygdala.

63
Q

How does the amygdala act on the diffuse modulatory systems?

A

Via central nucleus for increased vigilance

Year 1 (191 decks)

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