B8 W1 Flashcards
Women- aging effect on sexual response
Reduced vascular engorgement
NATSAL
National survey of sexual attitudes and lifestyles
Excitement phase
Includes muscular contraction
Women in the excitement phase?
Elevation of the cervix and uterus
Where are Cowper’s glands located?
On either side of the urethra
What happens to the uterus in the orgasmic platform?
It is fully elevated
Emission phase in men
Smooth muscle contracts in the ductus deferens, prostate, semilunar vesicles and ampulla and internal and external urethra sphincters and semen pools in the urethral bulb
Ejaculation phase
Contraction of glands, ducts, urethral sphincter, filling of internal urethra causes pudendal nerve to contract genitals, ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus for expulsion of semen
Dyspareunia
Painful sexual intercourse
Which conditions can cause erectile dysfunction?
Diabetes, coronary artery disease, renal failure, arthritis and the treatment
FGM Type -EXCISION
Type 2
FGM Type- Infibulation
Type 3
Muscular cavity where digestive waste and urine leave the embryo
Cloaca
The kidneys present in embryo development
Pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros
Pronephros
First set of kidneys which regress after 4 weeks and are non functional
Mesonephros
Temporary and form urine, Become part of the urogenital system
Where does the bladder develop?
From urogenital region with opening to the allantosis.
Where does the ductus deferens come from embryologically?
Wollfian duct
What gives rise to the epididymis?
Remaining Mesonephric collecting tubules after Wollfian duct disappears
What is the ejacultory duct?
Area where the ductus deferens enters the prostate gland and joins with the seminal vesicle that has an ampulla
Region where urethra crosses the pelvic floor?
Membranous
What is the majority of the spongy urethra lined with?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelia
Which part of the urethra is lined with stratified squamous epithelia?
End of urethra in glans penis
Tubercle swelling
Gives rise to outer labia or scrotum?
When does gonad development occur?
3.5-4.5 weeks
When do primordial germ cells undergo mitosis?
After colonising regions of the mesonephros
Undifferentiated cells where gonads form?
Genital ridge/bipotential primordia, located on ventral surface of mesonephros
What are the precursors of sertoli cells ?
Testis cords
FGF9
Chemotactic factor which causes tubules from the mesonephric duct to penetrate the gonadal ridge for testes development
Primary oocytes
Enter meiosis and will form primary oocyte
Are primary oocytes haploid or diploid?
Diploid
Testes diploid cells
Spermatogonia- formed from primordial germ cells that become encased in sex cords and cease mitosis
What does the Mullerian duct become?
Oviducts and uterus
What maintains the Wollffian duct?
Androgens
What causes Leydig cells to produce androgens?
FGF9 which maintains the Wollffian system
Where is Anti-Mullerian hormone produced?
Pre-sertoli cells
Chromosomes for congential adrenal hyperplasia
XX
Why are Turner’s syndrome patients infertile?
No second X chromosome for germ cell development
Pregnenolone
Precursor to sex steroid hormones
Where do sex hormones develop in the cell?
Mitochondria
Fox ligand 2/ FoxL2
Causes migration and condensation of epithelia around the primordial germ cell. This allows ovary formation.
When are mitotic stages of development for women complete?
Before birth in foetus
Oogensesis
Maturation of oocytes with pre-antral phase, antral phase and pre-ovulatory phase
When does meoisis begin in oogenesis?
Primary oocyte in ovarian cycle
What forms after mitosis stops and meiosis begins?
Primary oocyte- it is a diploid cell which is arrested in meiosis I
When do the peak primordial germ cells form in females?
Week 20
Epithelia of granulosa cells
Stratified cuboidal epithelia that secretes glycoproteins to form zona pellucida
Theca folliculi
Surrounding connective tissue of oocyte?
Pre-ovulatory stage of oocyte development?
Meiosis I is completed and LH surge. Unequal haploid cells form; the one with less cyptoplasm becomes first polar body. Second is the secondary oocyte that arrests in metaphase II. They both produce polar bodies
Fimbriae
Projections at the end of fallopian tubes
When does the secondary oocyte complete meiosis II?
During fertilisation- it will then implant into the uterine wall
Where does oocyte develop?
In follicle
What is the HPG axis?
Hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland and gonads that regulate menstruation
How does moderate levels of oestrogen affect HPG axis?
Negative feedback
How do high oestrogen levels affect HPG axis?
Positive feedback
How do both oestrogen and progesterone affect HPG axis?
Negative feedback
What happens in follicular phase?
Beginning of menstrual cycle. Follicle develops independently. HPG produces FSH and LH for follicle growth. Negative feedback due to oestrogen levels increases means only one follicle survives.
When are oestrogen levels high?
When there is LH surge, caused by positive feedback on HPG axis
When is chorionic gonadotropin released?
When fertilisation occurs. It maintains the corpus luteum and supported by placental hCG to support pregnancy in luteal phase
Cytoplasmic maturation
Rearrangment of cytoplasmic organelles for fertilisation- Mitochondria are relocated to periphery and cortical granules migrate to oocyte periphery
What is the role of antimullerian hormone in menstruation?
Produced by granulosa cells to reglateand restrict follicular growth
Which hormone regulates secondary sex characteristics?
Oestrogen
Which phase of menstruation does the combined contraceptive mimic?
Luteal
Role of LH in males
Leydig cell production
FSH in males
Testicular growth and production of Sertoli cells
Low levels of these hormones indicates delayed puberty
FSh and LH
When does ovulation occur?
Day 14
When does ovulation occur?
Day 14
Tanner scale
Measures progression through puberty
Percentage of sperm for fertilisation
4%
Why does weight gain occur?
High levels of oestrogen. Testosterone is aromatised into oestrogen which increases fat. Testosterone maintains muscle
How does testosterone affect the body?
Increases intracellular Ca2+ and causes hypertension, weight increase, increases RBC count (polycythaemia) by inhibiting iron absorption.
