Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 1 > Cell components of Blood > Flashcards

Cell components of Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 body fluids?

A

Intracellular, interstitial, blood and lymph fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the components of the circulatory system?

A

Heart, blood vessels and blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is normal blood volume?

A

Approximately 5 litres, range of 4-6 Litres which is higher in males than females.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the meaning of hydraulic in relation to blood?

A

Blood is hydraulic because it is moved by water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the function of blood?

A

It is a transport medium for substances like hormones, gases and nutrients. It maintains ph at 7.35-7.45, regulates body temp and due to its hydraulic nature, maintains colloidal osmotic pressure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

Minimum pressure required to prevent the inward movement of solution in a pure solvent such as water across a semipermeable membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which factors affect osmotic pressure?

A

Temperature and the conc of solutes (both osmolarity and osmolality)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is osmolality?

A

Conc of solutes per kilogram.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

Conc of solutes per litre.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is oncotic pressure?

A

Osmotic pressure exerted by colloids (large molecules) such as plasma proteins which induces reabsorption. It increases with greater solute number.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the composition of blood?

A

55% Liquid formed of Plasma
45% elements like RBC, WBC and platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the composition of plasma?

A

Majorly water with 7% formed of plasma proteins and 1% substances like electrolytes, nutrients and hormones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the important plasma proteins?

A

Albumin and fibrinogen which are clotting factors. Plasma also contains antibodies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is serum?

A

Plasma in the absence of clotting factors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Difference between serum and plasma?

A

Serum is the remaining liquid after blood has clotted. Plasma is the remaining liquid after we use an anticoagulant to prevent clotting. Therefore plasma contains clotting factors and antibodies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the haematocrit test?

A

It is used to determine the proportion of RBC in the blood. Low RBC= anaemia. High RBC=polycythemia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is haematopoiesis?

A

Production of RBC, WBC and platelets in the bone marrow. RBC migrate into the blood and WBC migrate into the peripheral tissues and lymphoid organs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a blood island?

A

Aggregates of cells in the yolk sac of the embryo which contain platelets, erythroblasts, lymphocytes and mesenchymal cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the site of haematopoiesis in the embryo?

A

Begins in blood islands in the yolk sac. It shifts to the liver, then spleen and lymph nodes. Post birth, bone marrow is the primary site.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs?

A

Bone marrow and thymus which produce lymphocytes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Spleen, tonsils and lymph nodes which are involved in pathogen defence. They come into contact with antigens and contain both B and T lymphocytes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the potency of a haematopoietic stem cell?

A

Pluripotent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is TPO?

A

Thrombopoietin is a growth factor which stimulates formation of megakaryocytes to produce platelets. It also is involved in Myeloblast formation.

24
Q

What does GM-CSF stimulate?

A

Formation of Neutrophils, Monocytes, Eosinophils and Basophils

25
Q

What are lymphoid cells?

A

Cells which mediate production of immunity such as lymphocytes and plasma cells.

26
Q

What is the site of lymphoid cell maturation in humans?

A

It occurs in the primary lymphoid organs; the thymus and bone marrow

27
Q

What is a committed cell?

A

Decision by a cell to enter maturation lineage.

28
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

Process of RBC formation in the bone marrow from a haemopoietic stem cell. There are 4 stages:

Haemopoietic stem cell -> Committed proerythroblast -> early erythroblast -> late erythroblast -> normoblast -> reticulocyte -> erythrocyte

29
Q

What is phase 1 of erythropoiesis?

A

Early erythroblast -> late erythroblast
Ribosome synthesis

30
Q

What is phase 2 of erythropoiesis?

A

Late erythroblast -> Normoblast
Haemoglobin accumulation

31
Q

What is phase 3 of erythropoiesis?

A

Normoblast -> Reticulocyte

Nuclei is ejected to form a reticulocyte. Reticulocytes lose organelles and remodel the plasma membrane to become an erythrocyte.

32
Q

How does erythropoiesis occur?

A

Hypoxia is detected by kidney cells which release erythropoietin/EPO that binds to EPO-receptor on progenitor cells

33
Q

What is a progenitor cell?

A

A descendant of a stem cell.

34
Q

What is the structure of haemoglobin?

A

Multi-subunit of 4 polypeptide chains- 2 alpha and 2 beta which each are associated with a haem molecule. Haem contains a porphyrin ring with an iron cofactor.

35
Q

What gives RBC a red colour?

A

Presence of iron acting as a cofactor in the haem group.

36
Q

What is the role of haemoglobin?

A

Binds to O2 for transport around the body and CO2 for removal.

37
Q

What are the characteristics of erythrocytes?

A

They have a bioconcave shape for flexibility and optimise O2 transport. It has a lifespan of 120 days and cannot be repaired due to no nucleus and must be destroyed by spleen macrophages.

38
Q

What are the products of haemolysis?

A

Haemolysis occurs to destroy damaged or old red blood cells, in the spleen by macrophages. It produces haemoglobin which separates into iron and porphyrin ring.

39
Q

What is the role of transferrin?

A

Iron produced from haemolysis is transported by transferrin protein to the bone marrow to be recycled and incorporated into a haem group to form a RBC.

40
Q

How is porphyrin ring excreted from the body?

A

It is excreted as a bile pigment via the digestive tract as biliverdin or urinary tract as bilirubin.

41
Q

What are thrombocytes?

A

Platelets which induce haemastais via blood clotting and produce platelet-derived growth factors to aid in vasculature repair at the site of injury.

42
Q

What is thrombopoiesis?

A

It occurs in the bone marrow where release of TPO induces the formation of a megakaryocyte. A single megakaryocyte contains many platelet extensions which give rise to platelets.

43
Q

What are the stages of thrombopoiesis?

A

Megakaryoblast -> Promegakaryoblast -> Megakaryocyte -> Platelets

44
Q

Where are platelets stored?

A

In the spleen.

45
Q

What is the role of neutrophils?

A

Most common type of white blood cell with shorter life span. It is responsible for phagocytosis, degranulation to destroy pathogens and boosting immune response of lymphocytes and dendritic cells.

46
Q

What is the role of eosinophils?

A

Pathogen defence against helminths.

47
Q

What is the role of basophils?

A

Smallest proportion of WBC. Responsible for allergic response via degranulation.

48
Q

What is the role of monocytes?

A

Phagocytic cell which differentiates into macrophages for phagocytosis

49
Q

What is the characteristic of lymphocytes?

A

They have a lifespan of weeks to months and make up 20-40% of total WBC and responsible for the adaptive immune response

50
Q

How to distinguish between B and T lymphocytes?

A

Flow cytometry which identifies protein cell surface markers.

51
Q

What are the granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils.

52
Q

What are the agranulocytes?

A

Monocytes and lymphocytes.

53
Q

What are myeloproliferative disorders?

A

Diseases which affect the myeloid progenitors, RBC and platelets. This includes polycythaemia, thromobocythaemia and myelofibrosis.

54
Q

Cause of myeloproliferative disorders?

A

Mutation of JAK-2 gene.

55
Q

What are the different isoforms of haemoglobin?

A

Haemoglobin has different isoforms such as HbA2 and HBF which are normal variants. HbS is a variant which is an indicator of sickle cell disease.
HbE is haemoglobin disease where there is mild anaemia

Year 1 (191 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions