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Year 1 > B8 W5 > Flashcards

B8 W5 Flashcards

1
Q

Mouth

A

Forms by splitting the first pharyngeal arch

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2
Q

Largest gland in the body

A

Thyroid gland

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3
Q

Mesoderm

A

Cells of the pharyngeal arch which form cartilage, muscle, nerves and arteries

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4
Q

Nerve supplying first pharyngeal arch

A

Trigeminal nerve

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5
Q

Nerve suppling 2nd pharyngeal arch

A

Facial

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6
Q

Muscles of mastication

A

Muscles of 1st pharyngeal arch

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7
Q

Where does the adrenohypophysis develop?

A

Oral ectoderm

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8
Q

Adrenohypophysis cells that stain

A

Chromophils

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9
Q

Adrenhypophysis cells that do not stain

A

Chromophobes

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10
Q

Corticotrophin region

A

Basophil cells, contain melanocyte stimulating hormone and adrenocorticotropin hormone

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11
Q

Thyroiditrophs

A

Basophil region

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12
Q

Neurohypophysis

A

Non-myelinated neurons with cell bodty in hypothalamus

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13
Q

Superior thyroid artery

A

Branch of the external carotid

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14
Q

Thyroid primordium

A

Thickening in the primordial pharynx which forms the thyroid

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15
Q

Thyroglossal tract

A

Eptihelial lined tract where the primordial thyrid gland migrates to end at thyroid isthmus.

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16
Q

Foramen caecum

A

Tongue base

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17
Q

Which cells produce calcitonin?

A

Parafollicular cells, in the thyroid gland

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18
Q

Weight loss, lack of energy, heat intolerance, increased appetite, weight gain

A

Hyperthyoridism/ Graves’ disease

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19
Q

Blood supply to the parathyroid glands

A

Superior and inferior thyroid arteries

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20
Q

Which cells produce parathyroid hormone?

A

Chief cells of the parathyroid gland

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21
Q

Oxyphil cells

A

Present in parathyroid gland with no known origin

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22
Q

Palatine tonsils origin

A

2nd pharnygeal pouch

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23
Q

Origin of parafollicuclar cells

A

4th pharyngeal pouch

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24
Q

What does the hypothalamus secrete?

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone

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25
Q

Which enzyme converts trosine in reaction with iodine to monoiodotyrosine?

A

Peroxidase

26
Q

What enables iodide trapping?

A

Sodium-iodide symporter

27
Q

T3

A

3,5,3-triiodothyronine

28
Q

Thyroxine

A

T4

29
Q

Dyshormonogenesis

A

Inherited disorder of thyroid hormone synthesis. Low levels of T4 and T3 but high TSH. Causes goitre.

30
Q

Congenital hypotyhroidism

A

Absence of thyroid gland or ectopic thyroid with Guthrie blood spot

31
Q

Fatigue, cold intolerance, depression, poor concentration

A

Hypothyroidism symptoms

32
Q

Dry skin, coarse hair, bradycardia, puffy eyes, anaemia

A

Hypothyroidism signs

33
Q

Myexdema

A

Water retention by carbs due to altered metabolsim and hypothyroidism

33
Q

What is the target in Hashimoto’s disease?

A

Thyroid peroxidase for formation of thyroid hormones. Lesser extent, thyroglobulin antibodies.

34
Q

Low levels of T4 and TSH and high TRH

A

Secondary hypothyroidism

35
Q

GOitre, tremor, warm skin, tachycardia, hypertension, myoxdema

A

Signs of hyperthyroidism

36
Q

Causes of goitre

A

Radiotherapy, iodine deficiency, lithium medication, Graves disease/hyperthyroidism

37
Q

Action of thionamides

A

Inhibit iodide oxidation of thyroid peroxidase

38
Q

Proteins other than albumin which bind to thyroid hormone

A

Thyroxine binding prealbumin and albumin

39
Q

Thyroid hormones effects- processes

A

Catabolic effect- Gluconegneesis, glycogenolysis, lipolysis, rpotein synthesis, glucose absorptionn, oxygen consumption

40
Q

Role of thyroid hormones in CNS

A

Nerve myelination, brain development, intellectual development and emotional stability

41
Q

Impact of surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism

A

Kidney stones, fragility fracture, weakness

42
Q

Lipid soluble hormones

A

Adrenal cortical hormones and gonadal hormones (oestrogen, testosterone, progesterone)

43
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones

A

Water soluble

44
Q

Location of hypothalamus]

A

Below 3rd brain ventricle

45
Q

What inhibits growth hormone release?

A

Somatostatin

46
Q

Somatostatin

A

Released from hypothalamus. Inhibits growth hormone, insulin, glucagon, gastrin and pancreatic enzymes and gastric secretion

47
Q

Adrenal insufficiency test

A

Synacthen test

48
Q

Test for secondary adrenal insufficnecy

A

Insulin stress test

49
Q

Cushing’s disease

A

Excess of steroid hromones due to pituitary issue which causes increased levels of ACTH

50
Q

Test for Cushing’s disease

A

Dexamethasone test

51
Q

Increase in ACTH and CRH with pigmentation. Decrease in cortisol

A

Primary adrenal deficiency

52
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

Adrenal gland produces excess cortisol which will inhibit the hypothalamuus and pituitary from producing excess CRH or ACTH

53
Q

Steroid excess

A

Cortisol decrease, ACTH decrease, CRH decrease

54
Q

Syntehtic substance similar to testosterone.

A

Anabolic steroids- causes primary hypergonadism

55
Q

Prolactin control

A

Positive feedback

56
Q

Bromocriptine

A

Dopamine agonist drug to inhibit breastfeeding

57
Q

Mectalopride

A

Dopamine antagonist for hyperprolactinemia

58
Q

Acromegaly

A

Gigantisim caused by excess growth hormones

59
Q

Ocreotide

A

Somatostatin analogue- INhibits GnRH for relaease of GH from adrenohypophysis to treat gigantism

60
Q

Effects of alcohol on ADH

A

Inhibited

61
Q

Treatment of diabetes insipidus

A

Desmopressin-ADH analogue to treat low ADH

Year 1 (191 decks)

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