BLock 8 Flashcards
What is an importnat consideration for diabetic nephropathy?
Loss of proteins such as antibodies in the kidneys to increase infection suscpetiblity
What causes the uterus to contract?
Prostaglandin.
Which hormone increases during stress?
Cortisol and glucagon. Glucagon increases glucose availability for the sympathetic activation.
What is the effect of cortisol and glucocorticoids on thyroid hormones?
Decreases thyroid hormones to direct energy to metabolism
Korsakoff’s syndrome
Anterograde and retorgrade amnesia caused by damage to hypothalamus and thalamus and B1/thiamine deficiency
Which receptors does dopamine effect?
B1 agonist that causes chornoropy, inotopry, increases BP and alpha 1 agonist that causes vasoconstriction
Obturator nerve
Supplies adductor longus
Nerve medially on thyroid gland, between oesophagus and trachea
Reccurrent laryngeal nerve
Superior thyroid artery
Branch of external carotid artery
Effect of insulin
Stimualtes Na+/K+ ATPase pump.
Where is proinsulin formed?
RER of pancreatic beta cells
Test for Addison’s disease
Synacthen test
How does cortisol travel in the blood?
It is lipophilic and bound to cortisol binding globulin
WHat stimulates insulin release?
Gastric acid inhibitors, beta agonists, amino acids, fatty acids, glucose, vagal nerve
Effect of glucagon?
Increases somatostatin release
Effect of insulin
Decreases somatostatin reease
Effect of somatostatin
Decreases glucaogn and insulin
What is the rate limiting step in steroid hormone formation?
Conversion of chlesterol to pregnenolone
Acute phase of injury
Increased proteloysis, fevere, reduction in WBC, reduced transport protein s
Insulin synthesis
Preproinsulin is synthesised in the nucleus. Pre-pro insulin is cleaved in the RER to form proinsulin. Proinsulin enters Golgi body and by action of endopeptidases, releases a C-peptide fragment.
What stimulates prolactin release of the pituitary gland?
Thyrotropin releasing hormone and PRH that act on ammotrophs
Effect of growth hromone?
Increases glycogenolysis, lipolysis + ketogenesis, stimulates protein synthesis, hypertension,
Effect of insulin
Increases Na+.K+ ATPase pump when binding to receptors which causes hypokalemia in excess. In severe insulin deficiency, there is hyperkaelia
Most abundant cell type in anterior pituitary gland
Somatotrophs
Least common cell in adrenohypophysis
thyrotrophs
Inhibition of insulin
Sympathetic nerves, adrenaline, beta blockers
Effect of exercise on gluose?
Early drop because of increased muscle glucose uptake and late drop because of replacement of muscle nad liver glycogen. There is also occasional rise due to adrenaline and insulin.
Glucagon structure
Simple polypetide chain produced when there is high amino acids or low blood glucose
What attaches the ovary to the lateral pelvic wall?
Suspensory ligament of ovaries
What attaches the cervix/vagina to posterior pelvic wall?
Uterosacral ligament
What attaches cervix to lateral pelvic wall?
Cardinal ligament which contains the uterine vessels.
Wjat are the layers of the scrotum?
skin,
External spermatic fascia, internal spermatic fasica and parietal layer of tunica vaginalis
What attaches the uterus, fallopian tjubes and ovaries to pelvic wall?
Broad ligament which contains the ovaries, fallopain tube and round lgiament
Where is fertilisaiton likely to occur?
Ampulla of fallopian tube
What is a salpingectomy?
Remvoal of fallopain tube
What is post partum haemorrhae caused by?
Failure of terus to contract so oxytocin would be given to stimulate uterine contraction
When does theca layer develop?
In pre-antral follicle
What forms the external spermatic fascia?
External oblique aponeurosis
What forms the blood-testis barrier?
Sertoli cells
Response to hypoglycaemia
Stress response via sympathetic activation
Where is HcG secreted?
Synctiotrophoblast after implantation to increase corpus luteum to produce progesterone
Which hormone is an indicator of fertility?
Progesterone
What is the change marked by primordial follicle -> primary follicle?
Zona pellucida
Origin of tunica vaginalis?
Peritnoeum
Which part of the follicle produces hormones to prepare womb?
Granulosa cells
Gubernaculum
Determines path of testes descend from L2 vertebrae level in the abdominalcavity to the scrotum. Issue with this causes testicular torsion.
Which fornix lies close to the rectouterine pouch?
Posterior fornix
Normal position of uterus?
Anteflexed and anteverted
What triggers ejection of milk?
Oxytocin
Where is hcG produced
Synctiotrophoblast cells of the placenta
Insulin receptor
Tyrosine kinase
What deficiencies are expected with cystic fibrosis?
Vitamin A, D E and K due to reduced pancreatic lipase secretion
What deficiencies are expected with cystic fibrosis?
Vitamin A, D E and K due to reduced pancreatic lipase secretion
What reduces folate absorption?
Epilpetic medication phenytoin
What induces labour excluding oxytocin?
Prostaglandin, a product of arachidionic acid
What is the derivative of thyroid hormones?
Tyrosine
Satiety center of hypothalamus
Ventromedial nucleus
Leison to paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus
Leads to diabetes insipidus
Innervation of external anal sphincter
Inferior rectal branch of pudendal nerve. Controlled by autonomic voluntary nervous system.
Innervation of external urethra
Perineal branch of pudendal nerve this also supplies perineal muscles
Action of prolactin
Ligand binds to prolactin receptors which stimulates dimerisation. Janus activated kinase (JAKS) proteins are then activated which cross phosphorylate the adjacent subunit of tyrosine residues on the intracellular catalyctic domain to activate it. STATS are signal transducer activator of transcription. They bind to the phosphorylated residues of the intracellular catalyctic domain and undergo tyrosine phosphorylation by JAKS. They dimersie and translocate to the nucleus to alter gene expression.
