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Year 1 > B6 W2 > Flashcards

B6 W2 Flashcards

1
Q

Effect of M1, M3 and M5

A

Excitatory response which is coupled to Gs protein. It activates phospholipase C and elevates IP3 levels for Ca2+ release.

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2
Q

Vesamicol

A

Drug inhibiting ACh carriers for ACH vesicle formation

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3
Q

Types of noradrenaline transport systems

A

Neuronal, extraneuronal and vesicular systems

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4
Q

MAO metabolises…

A

serotonin and noradrenaline

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5
Q

Substrates of the vesicular noradrenaline transport system

A

Dopamine, serotonin, guanethidine and MPP

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6
Q

Risperidone

A

Second gen anti-psychotic which has higher affinity for D2, A1 adrenergic and serotonin 5-HT2a. Reduced affinity for D1, H1 (histamine) and no affinity for muscarinic ACH receptors.

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7
Q

Risperidone increased affinity for….

A

D2, A1 adrenergic and serotonin 5-HT2a receptor

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8
Q

Risperidone has a decreased affinity for…

A

D1, H1 and mACH receptors

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9
Q

Tubocurarine

A

Non-depolarising nicotinic blocking agent. It is a Competitive antagonist for nicotinic postsynaptic receptor.

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10
Q

Craniosacral outflow

A

Cranial nerve 3, 7, 9, 10 and S2, S3 and S4

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11
Q

Tetanus

A

Infection with causes prolonged muscle contraction via inhibition of the Renshaw cells

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12
Q

Adenyl cyclase inhibition

A

Gi proteins coupled to open K+ conductance ion channels by A1, M2 and M4

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13
Q

Receptors between splanchnic nerve and chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla

A

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

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14
Q

Neurons of the autonomic pathway

A

Pre-ganglionic- myelinated B fibre with soma is in the brain or spinal cord
Post ganglionic- unmyelinated C fibre with soma in sympathetic ganglia

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15
Q

Tuberoinfundibular

A

Dopamine pathway from the hypothalamus arcuate nucleus to stimulate D2 receptors in the anterior pituitary to release prolactin

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16
Q

Insight learning

A

Rapid restructuring of an idea when learning the relationship between means and end

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17
Q

A2 adrenergic receptors

A

Decreased cAMP, Ca2+ channels and K+ channels

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18
Q

Anti-depressants

A

Tricyclics, SSRIS, SNRIs and MAO inhibitors

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19
Q

Muscarinic receptor which enhances locomotion

A

M4- found in the CNS. Coupled to Gi to decrease cAMP and protein kinase signalling

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20
Q

Hemicholinium

A

Inhibits choline reuptake into presynaptic cell via choline carrier

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21
Q

Atracurium

A

Intermediate postsynaptic nicotinic inhibitor

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22
Q

Substrates in the extraneuronal noradrenaline transport system

A

Noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin and histamine

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23
Q

Positive reinforcement dependent on the number of responses

A

Ratio reinforcement

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24
Q

Gq protein

A

Causes formation of phospholipase C to increase intracellular Ca2+ via M1, M3 and M5 action

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25
Q

Nigrostriatal pathway- side effects of inhibition

A

Irreversible effects by anti-psychotic drugs is Parkinsonism, akathisia, acute dystonia and tardive dyskinesia

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26
Q

Hyperventilation

A

Decreased pCO2 and causes respiratory alkalosis. Blood Ca2+ decreases, reduced Na channel membrane interaction causing vasoconstriction and paraesthesia. May lead to tetanus.

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27
Q

M1 receptor

A

Found in the autonomic ganglia, salivary and lacrimal glands and cerebral cortex. CNS excitation and gastric secretion by increasing K+ conductance

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28
Q

Botulinum

A

Inhibits exocytosis of vesicles of neurotransmitter

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29
Q

White rami communicantes

A

Carry myelinated preganglionic axons to the sympathetic chain

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30
Q

Social learning

A

Process of altering behaviour by observing and imitating the behaviour

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31
Q

Post ganglionic neurons in the autonomic nervous system

A

Unmyelinated type C

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32
Q

Removal of an adversive stimuli adter desired behaviour has occurred

A

Negative reinforcement

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33
Q

Non-depolarising blocking agent

A

Drugs which prevent acetylcholine reuptake into the presynaptic cell or bind to the post synaptic cell and prevent acetylcholine binding

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34
Q

Resperine and tetrabenazine

A

Inhibitors in the vesicular noradrenaline transport system

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35
Q

Clozapines

A

Anti-psychotic which is used as an alternative. Targets serotenergic receptors more than dopaminergc. Adverse side effect is agranulocytosis.

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36
Q

Splanchnic nerves

A

Conveys information about nutrient content of the stomach to the brain

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37
Q

Organophosphate poisoning

A

Chemical stabilisation and forms irreversible phosphate bond with active site of acetlycholinesterase through aging process. This allows acetylcholine to accumulate and cause paralysis

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38
Q

Avoidance learning

A

Negative reinforcement which provides escape from unpleasant situation by removal of stimulus

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39
Q

Thoracolumbar outflow of the sympathetic nervous system

A

T1-L2.

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40
Q

Type of learning causes the origin of certain phobias

A

Classical conditioning

41
Q

Substrates of the neuronal noradrenaline transport system

A

Tyramine, methylnoradrenaline, adrenergic, ampehetamine

42
Q

Which dopaminergic system are antipsychotics used to target?

A

Mesolimbic

43
Q

M2 and M4

A

Coupled to Gi protein to decrease cAMP and decreases protein kinase A

44
Q

Cocaine

A

Inhibits noradrenaline transport. Mimics noradrenaline and histamine but is not an antidepressant. It cause increases dopamine levels

45
Q

Tricyclic antidepressant

A

Increases availability of catecholeamines and serotonin. Inhibits noradrenaline transport system.

46
Q

Phenoxybenzamine

A

Alpha adrenoreceptor antagonist used to treat pheochromocytoma It inhibits noradrenaline transport system and extraneuronal trasnport

47
Q

Amphetamine

A

Inhibits noradrenaline transport system, increases dopamine levels and mimics noradreanline and serotonin but does not act as an antidepressant

48
Q

Resperine

A

It reduces dopmaine transmission and has antipsychotic effect by reducing MOA entering vesicles. Inhibitors in the vesicular noradrenaline transport system.

49
Q

Autoreceptors

A

Causes reuptake of extra serotonin when taking anti-depressants. These receptors desensitise.

50
Q

M3 receptors

A

Coupled to Gs protein which increases cAMP. Found in the exocrine glands, blood vessel endothelium, GI tract. Causes GI smooth muscle contraction and gastric/salivary secretion

51
Q

Extraneuronal transport

A

Adrenaline > noradrenaline > isoprenaline
Substrates dopamine, serotonin and histamine are taken up

52
Q

Inhibition of extraneuornal transport of noradrenaline

A

Steroid hormone and phenoxybenzamine

53
Q

Paravertebral ganglia

A

Interconnected ganglia close to the spinal nerves and the vertebrae

54
Q

Least splanchnic nerve

A

T12 level that provides sympathetic innervation to the abdomen

55
Q

Tyramine

A

Indirectly acting sympathomimetic which causes NET exchange with noradrenaline found in marmite, cheese and wine

56
Q

Unmyelinated type C fibres

A

Post ganglionic neuron

57
Q

Detrusor muscle

A

Smooth muscle of bladder

58
Q

Olanzapine

A

Second gen antipsychotic

59
Q

Arguments against dopamine hypothesis

A

Glutamate induced excitotoxicity may cause neurodegeneration of schizophrenia.
Environmental influence such as upstream factors may influence this.
Antipsychotics have an immediate effect on the dopamine neurotransmitter levels but it takes 2 weeks to work.
Other neurotransmitters may be invovled such as serotonin and histamine.

60
Q

Benzodiazepine- side effects

A

Impaired motor control, confusion and respiratory depression

61
Q

Three main types of phobia

A

Agoraphobia, social phobia and specific phobia

62
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Preganglionic neurons are short and postganglionic neurons are long

63
Q

Conditioned response

A

Learned response to stimuli which did not originally occur

64
Q

T10-T11

A

Sympathetic innervation of midgut by lesser splanchnic nerve

65
Q

SSRI side effect

A

Nausea, sexual dysfunction and drug metabolism inhibition

66
Q

Tricyclic

A

Antagonises histamine, muscarinic, and alpha adrenoreceptors. Potential sthe effect of alcohol and anaesthetics. Causes sedation, dry mouth and postural hypotension.

67
Q

Side effects of antipsychotic drugs

A

Weight gain, diabetes, raised cholesterol

68
Q

Behavioural therapy

A

Encourages people to stop doing activities which maintain the problem and start going to activities they previously enjoyed

69
Q

Outflow of parasympathetic system

A

Cranialsacral outflow

70
Q

Motor information carried to the skeletal muscle

A

Somatic nervous system- single lower motor neuron, using acetylcholine neurotransmitter and is excitatory

71
Q

Innervation of foregut at Levels T5-T9

A

Greater splanchnic nerve

72
Q

Cognitivie therapy

A

Challenges way of thinking and encourages healthier self-talk

73
Q

Noradrenaline transport system

A

Equal specificity with noradrenaline, adrenaline and isoprenaline. Transports dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) and guanethidine. Inhibited by reserpine and tetrabenazine

74
Q

Noradrenaline transport system substrates

A

Includes Dopamine, serotonin and guanethidine.

75
Q

Noradrenaline transport system inhibitors

A

Resperine and tetrabenazine

76
Q

M2

A

Found in heart atria. Coupled to Gi protein to decrease cAMP. Response of cardiac inhibition and neural inhibition

77
Q

Argument for dopamine hypothesis

A

Antipsychotics block dopamine. Reserpine is
a treatment which reduces dopamine transmission and has an antipsychotic effect by reducing MOA entering vesicles. High dopamine is caused by cocaine, amphetamine and L-DOPA with dementia medication.

78
Q

How can we view dopamine activitiy in the brain?

A

PET and SPECT scans

79
Q

Nitroxidergic post ganglionic neurons

A

Release NO in the blood vessels for vasodilation

80
Q

Tuberoinfundibular pathway contributes to schizophrenia via…

A

Increases negative symptoms. Treatment will increase dopamine transmission

81
Q

Negative symtoms of schizophrenia

A

Mesocortical and tuberoinfundibular

82
Q

Nucleus accumbens

A

Located in the basal forebrain, forming most of the ventral striata. It is the interface between motivation and action

83
Q

Positive symptoms

A

Mesolimbic causes hallucinations and delusions

84
Q

Mesolimbic pathway

A

Transmits dopamine from midbrain ventral tegmental area to ventral striata. Includes the nucleus accumbens for motivation and emotion. Hyperactivity causes positive symptoms of schizophrenia.

85
Q

Tuberoinfundibular pathway hypoactivity of doapmine

A

Caused typically by schizphrenia negative symptoms and antipsychotic drugs. Leads to amenorrhoea, galactorrhoea and sexual dysfunction and breast enlargement

86
Q

Tuberoinfundibular pathway hyperactivity of dopamine

A

Osteoporosis

87
Q

Mesocortical pathway

A

Dopamine is released from the midbrain via the ventral tegmental area to the prefrontal cortex. Hypoactivity of this is responsible for the negative symtposm of schizophrenia

88
Q

Nigrostriatal pathway

A

Transmits dopamine from the substantia nigra pars compacta to the caudate nucleus and putamen.

89
Q

How do antipsychotics affect the nigrostriatal pathway?

A

Blocks dopamine and leads to tardive dyskinesia ( sudden irregular movement like waving hands or sticking out tongue) , akithisia (restlessness) and dystonia (muscle contraction) and Parkinsonism

90
Q

What is Parkinsonism?

A

Brain conditions which cause TRAP- causes include side effects of medication, like antipsychotics and the degeneration of cells leading to Parkinson’s.

91
Q

Causes of schizophrenia

A

Damage to the hippocampus and hypothalamus from auto-antibodies, neurodevelopmental caused by disruption of brain development perhaps by drugs, high dopamine or glutamate levels and psychological cause.

92
Q

Nervous supply to blood vessels

A

Sympathetic nervous system

93
Q

Parasympathetic control of the bladder

A

Excites the dome of the bladder

94
Q

Sympathetic control of the bladder

A

Inhibits the dome and excites the neck of the bladder
inc inhibitor

95
Q

Adrenergic receptors increasing cAMP

A

B1, B2 and B3 receptors

96
Q

Grey rami communicantes

A

Contains unmyelinated post ganglionic axons of the sympathetic chain

97
Q

Myenteric plexus

A

Plexus of nerves of sympathetic and parasympathetic system between the two laters of muscle in the small intestine.

98
Q

Enteric nervous system

A

Division of the autonomic nervous system. controls peristalsis and gastrointestinal secretion. Contains myenteric and submucosal plexus.

99
Q

Noradrenaline transport system

A

Uses the Noradrenaline transporter (NET) which is Na+/CL- dependent for the movement of nroadrenaline via vesicles, neuronally or extraneuronally.

Year 1 (191 decks)

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