B6 W1 Flashcards
Glasgow Coma Scale Motor:
6- obeying
5- Localising toward pain
4- Withdraw from Touch
3- flexor response/decorticatie
2- extesnort response/decerebrate
1- no response
Glasgow Coma Scale Verbal
5-Orientated
4- Confused conversation and crying but consolable infant
3- Inappropriate random speech with no conversational exchange. Infants are inconsistently inconsolable
2- incomprehensible speech and moaning
1- no verbal response
Number 1 in the levels of consciousness
Fully conscious
Melatonin
Produced by the pineal gland in response to the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus releasing vasopressin.
Delusions of reference
Common aspects of like the TV are directed toward the individual
5-Hydroxytryptamine
Serotonin- synthesised from tryptophan in meat and dairy products. Raphe nuclei is serotenergic. Degraded by MAO into 5-HIAA/hydroxyindoleacetic acid. Metabolised into -> melatonin in the pineal gland.
Neuropeptides
Synthesised as precursor with enzymes in the soma. Both are transported down the microtubule tracks. Enzymes modify the precursors. They diffuse away from the cell
Behaviours
Personality, health and wellbeing choices, substance use and abuse and psychopathology
Thalamocortical
Neurons in the thalamus which interact with other neurons to generate EEG oscillations
D1-like receptors
Positively coupled to G-protein coupled receptors
Buspirone
Anti-anxiety medication
Which imaging technique are used to view brain areas while performing tasks?
PET
Atropine
Muscarinic antagonist
Decorticate
Flexion- may be caused by lesion in the midbrain, pons, or diencephalon
Which neurons are responsible for EEG oscillations?
Thalamocortical
Serotonin
Neuromodulator of mood, satiety, body temperature, pain inhibition and introversion
Decerebrate
Extensor-may be caused by lesion in the internal capsule, thalamus and basal ganglia
Pareidolia
Tendency to apply a specific meaningful image to a random image
M1, M3 and M5
Positively coupled to G protein/ phospholipase C
M2 and M4 receptors
Positively coupled to Gi receptors to open K+ ion channels
Cholinergic receptors in the peripheral receptors
Muscarinic receptors
Serotonin receptor affecting vomiting
5-HT3
Neuropeptides- examples
Cholecystokinin, Oxytocin, vasopressin, substance P
Biogenic amine
Catecholeamines, serotonin and histamine
Substance P
Peptide neurotransmitter part of the tachykinin family. Acts in unmyelinated C fibres for pain transmission and binds to NK receptors
D2-like receptors
D2, D3 and D4 receptors negatively coupled to adenylate cyclase via Gi protein
What causes degradation of NO?
It cannot be stored and is unstable
Posterior hypothalamus
Histamine to cause wakefulness
Metabolic product of dopamine
Homovanillic acid
Neuropeptides- function
Mediate slower synaptic signalling, modify ongoing synaptic signalling and function
GABAnergic area of the CNS involved in consciousness and sleep and damage to this region is associated with insomnia
Reticular formation/ anterior hypothalamus
In sleep, sensory thalamus is….
Inhibited
In awake, sensory thalamus is…
Facillitated
Enzymes present in catecholeaminergic neurons
Tyrosine hydroxylase
Serotonin degradation
By MAO into 5-hydroxyindoleacetic aid -> melatonin
Neurotransmitter modulating fast synaptic transmission
Small neurotransmitter
Cholinergic nuclei
Dorsolateral pontine nuclei and frontal basal forebrain nuclei which are responsible for synaptic plasticity. They project onto the cortex. Damage leads to dementia
Glycine
Ionotropic receptor for chloride ions. It is an amino acid neurotransmitter which acts on the motor neurons of the ventral horn of the brainstem and spinal cord.
Renshaw cells
Interneurons that cause reccurrent inhibition of the spinal cord between the UMN and LMN to focus motor activity
When the patient has intermittent periods of awareness and wakefulness and displays some meaningful behaviour
Minimally conscious state
Pizotifen
5-HT2 antagonist which treats migraines
Nn
Nicotnic recepetor found in presynaptic cholinergic terminals and postganglionic neuorns
Glutamate response
Binds to NMDA to cause Na+ influx. Depolarisation causes Mg2+ efflux and opens NMDA receptor. NMDA allows Ca2+ influx for secondary messenger. This occurs in A-delta afferents for pain transmission.
Location of reticular activating system
Upper brain stem
Metabolic product of dopamine
Homovanillic acid- formed by action of MAO or COMT
Valium
GABA agonist
Which areas of the CNS interact in sleep?
Thalamus, reticular nucleus and cerebral cortex
Small molecule neurotransmitters
Enzyme synthesis occurs in soma, transported via axons. Neurotransmitters are synthesised and packaged at the axon terminal into vesicles
Acetylcholine functions
Thermoregulation, arousal, learning and memory, sexual behaviour and sleep
Anterior hypothalamus
Induces sleep via GABA
Stage 3 sleep
Body temperature and blood pressure decrease
Which glutamate receptor is affected in epilepsy?
NMDA receptors
Antidepressant drugs which prevent breakdown of noradrenaline and serotonin
MAO inhibitors
Thought blocking
Interruption in train of thought with a blank where you can’t remember what you said
Posterior hypothalamus
Uses histamine to induce wakefullness.
Biogenic amines
Catecholamines and serotonin
Non-REM sleep
4 stages which have synchronised EEG waves
Obsession
Repetitive senseless thought which is recognised as irrational by the patient and cause anxiety
Pathology with low glutamate
Motor neuron disease, epilepsy or Alzheimer’s disease
How is speech measured?
Rate, quantity and articulation
Delusion
Fixed false belief about reality
Psychosis
Disconnection from reality
Compulsion
Repetitive and purposeful behaviour which is the motor component of a compulsive thought
Hypoactivity of Locus Coeruleus
Depression and loss of REM sleep
Bladder control
Enuresis
Nitric oxide
Synthesised in glail cells by eNOS. Cannot be stored due to its instability
Genotype
Combination of alleles at a locus
Waves in Non-REM sleep
Delta waves
Passivity phenomena
The idea that a person is being controlled externally and includes thought insertion, thought withdrawal and thought broadcasting
When awake
Reticular nucleus is inhibited, acetylcholine is active and thalamus is facilitated
Ventral Tegmental area
Dopaminergic neuron which projects onto the nucleus accumbens which is the interface for pleasure and the activity of the medium spiny neurons
Ventral Tegmental area
Dopaminergic neuron which projects onto the nucleus accumbens which is the interface for pleasure and the activity of the medium spiny neurons
Noradrenaline
Neuromodulator of arousal and reward
When the patient has sleep-wake cycles, but lacks awareness, only displays reflexive and non-purposeful behaviour.
Unresponsive Wakefulness syndrome
Reticular formation
Network in brainstem which controls arousal
Examples of neuropeptides
Vasopressin, somatostatin, substance P, endorphins, oxytocin
Common cause of loss of consciousness worldwide
Malaria
Sumatriptan
Targets 5-HT1D to treat migraines
Tricyclics
Block Noradrenaline and Serotonin reuptake
Pareidolia
Vivid imagery occurs without conscious effort looking at a poorly constructed background
Hyperkeplexia
Defects in glycine receptor channels causes high muscle contraction and reaction ot unexpected noise
Heritability
Proportion of phenotypic variance accounted by the genetic differences among individuals
GABA synthesis
Glutamate decarboxylase converts glutamate -> GABA
Polygenic inheritance
Multiple genes which have a cumulative effect towards behavioural phenotype heritability
Nuspirone
Inhibits synthesis and firing of serotonin acting on 5-HT which temporarily inhibits serotonin but in long term increases it
When the patient lacks awareness and sleep-wake cycles, and only displays reflexive behaviour
Chronic coma
Primary delusion
Arises fully formed
Neuromodulator of mood, pain inhibition, body temp and introversion
Serotonin
Product of noradrenaline metabolism
VMA and MHPG
Glutamate receptors
Ionotropic
