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Year 1 > B6 W1 > Flashcards

B6 W1 Flashcards

1
Q

Glasgow Coma Scale Motor:

A

6- obeying
5- Localising toward pain
4- Withdraw from Touch
3- flexor response/decorticatie
2- extesnort response/decerebrate
1- no response

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2
Q

Glasgow Coma Scale Verbal

A

5-Orientated
4- Confused conversation and crying but consolable infant
3- Inappropriate random speech with no conversational exchange. Infants are inconsistently inconsolable
2- incomprehensible speech and moaning
1- no verbal response

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3
Q

Number 1 in the levels of consciousness

A

Fully conscious

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4
Q

Melatonin

A

Produced by the pineal gland in response to the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus releasing vasopressin.

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5
Q

Delusions of reference

A

Common aspects of like the TV are directed toward the individual

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6
Q

5-Hydroxytryptamine

A

Serotonin- synthesised from tryptophan in meat and dairy products. Raphe nuclei is serotenergic. Degraded by MAO into 5-HIAA/hydroxyindoleacetic acid. Metabolised into -> melatonin in the pineal gland.

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7
Q

Neuropeptides

A

Synthesised as precursor with enzymes in the soma. Both are transported down the microtubule tracks. Enzymes modify the precursors. They diffuse away from the cell

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8
Q

Behaviours

A

Personality, health and wellbeing choices, substance use and abuse and psychopathology

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9
Q

Thalamocortical

A

Neurons in the thalamus which interact with other neurons to generate EEG oscillations

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10
Q

D1-like receptors

A

Positively coupled to G-protein coupled receptors

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11
Q

Buspirone

A

Anti-anxiety medication

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12
Q

Which imaging technique are used to view brain areas while performing tasks?

A

PET

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13
Q

Atropine

A

Muscarinic antagonist

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14
Q

Decorticate

A

Flexion- may be caused by lesion in the midbrain, pons, or diencephalon

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15
Q

Which neurons are responsible for EEG oscillations?

A

Thalamocortical

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16
Q

Serotonin

A

Neuromodulator of mood, satiety, body temperature, pain inhibition and introversion

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17
Q

Decerebrate

A

Extensor-may be caused by lesion in the internal capsule, thalamus and basal ganglia

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18
Q

Pareidolia

A

Tendency to apply a specific meaningful image to a random image

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19
Q

M1, M3 and M5

A

Positively coupled to G protein/ phospholipase C

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20
Q

M2 and M4 receptors

A

Positively coupled to Gi receptors to open K+ ion channels

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21
Q

Cholinergic receptors in the peripheral receptors

A

Muscarinic receptors

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22
Q

Serotonin receptor affecting vomiting

A

5-HT3

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23
Q

Neuropeptides- examples

A

Cholecystokinin, Oxytocin, vasopressin, substance P

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24
Q

Biogenic amine

A

Catecholeamines, serotonin and histamine

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25
Q

Substance P

A

Peptide neurotransmitter part of the tachykinin family. Acts in unmyelinated C fibres for pain transmission and binds to NK receptors

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26
Q

D2-like receptors

A

D2, D3 and D4 receptors negatively coupled to adenylate cyclase via Gi protein

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27
Q

What causes degradation of NO?

A

It cannot be stored and is unstable

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28
Q

Posterior hypothalamus

A

Histamine to cause wakefulness

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29
Q

Metabolic product of dopamine

A

Homovanillic acid

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30
Q

Neuropeptides- function

A

Mediate slower synaptic signalling, modify ongoing synaptic signalling and function

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31
Q

GABAnergic area of the CNS involved in consciousness and sleep and damage to this region is associated with insomnia

A

Reticular formation/ anterior hypothalamus

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32
Q

In sleep, sensory thalamus is….

A

Inhibited

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33
Q

In awake, sensory thalamus is…

A

Facillitated

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34
Q

Enzymes present in catecholeaminergic neurons

A

Tyrosine hydroxylase

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35
Q

Serotonin degradation

A

By MAO into 5-hydroxyindoleacetic aid -> melatonin

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36
Q

Neurotransmitter modulating fast synaptic transmission

A

Small neurotransmitter

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37
Q

Cholinergic nuclei

A

Dorsolateral pontine nuclei and frontal basal forebrain nuclei which are responsible for synaptic plasticity. They project onto the cortex. Damage leads to dementia

38
Q

Glycine

A

Ionotropic receptor for chloride ions. It is an amino acid neurotransmitter which acts on the motor neurons of the ventral horn of the brainstem and spinal cord.

39
Q

Renshaw cells

A

Interneurons that cause reccurrent inhibition of the spinal cord between the UMN and LMN to focus motor activity

40
Q

When the patient has intermittent periods of awareness and wakefulness and displays some meaningful behaviour

A

Minimally conscious state

41
Q

Pizotifen

A

5-HT2 antagonist which treats migraines

42
Q

Nn

A

Nicotnic recepetor found in presynaptic cholinergic terminals and postganglionic neuorns

43
Q

Glutamate response

A

Binds to NMDA to cause Na+ influx. Depolarisation causes Mg2+ efflux and opens NMDA receptor. NMDA allows Ca2+ influx for secondary messenger. This occurs in A-delta afferents for pain transmission.

44
Q

Location of reticular activating system

A

Upper brain stem

45
Q

Metabolic product of dopamine

A

Homovanillic acid- formed by action of MAO or COMT

46
Q

Valium

A

GABA agonist

47
Q

Which areas of the CNS interact in sleep?

A

Thalamus, reticular nucleus and cerebral cortex

48
Q

Small molecule neurotransmitters

A

Enzyme synthesis occurs in soma, transported via axons. Neurotransmitters are synthesised and packaged at the axon terminal into vesicles

49
Q

Acetylcholine functions

A

Thermoregulation, arousal, learning and memory, sexual behaviour and sleep

50
Q

Anterior hypothalamus

A

Induces sleep via GABA

51
Q

Stage 3 sleep

A

Body temperature and blood pressure decrease

52
Q

Which glutamate receptor is affected in epilepsy?

A

NMDA receptors

53
Q

Antidepressant drugs which prevent breakdown of noradrenaline and serotonin

A

MAO inhibitors

54
Q

Thought blocking

A

Interruption in train of thought with a blank where you can’t remember what you said

55
Q

Posterior hypothalamus

A

Uses histamine to induce wakefullness.

56
Q

Biogenic amines

A

Catecholamines and serotonin

57
Q

Non-REM sleep

A

4 stages which have synchronised EEG waves

58
Q

Obsession

A

Repetitive senseless thought which is recognised as irrational by the patient and cause anxiety

59
Q

Pathology with low glutamate

A

Motor neuron disease, epilepsy or Alzheimer’s disease

60
Q

How is speech measured?

A

Rate, quantity and articulation

61
Q

Delusion

A

Fixed false belief about reality

62
Q

Psychosis

A

Disconnection from reality

63
Q

Compulsion

A

Repetitive and purposeful behaviour which is the motor component of a compulsive thought

64
Q

Hypoactivity of Locus Coeruleus

A

Depression and loss of REM sleep

65
Q

Bladder control

A

Enuresis

66
Q

Nitric oxide

A

Synthesised in glail cells by eNOS. Cannot be stored due to its instability

67
Q

Genotype

A

Combination of alleles at a locus

68
Q

Waves in Non-REM sleep

A

Delta waves

69
Q

Passivity phenomena

A

The idea that a person is being controlled externally and includes thought insertion, thought withdrawal and thought broadcasting

70
Q

When awake

A

Reticular nucleus is inhibited, acetylcholine is active and thalamus is facilitated

71
Q

Ventral Tegmental area

A

Dopaminergic neuron which projects onto the nucleus accumbens which is the interface for pleasure and the activity of the medium spiny neurons

71
Q

Ventral Tegmental area

A

Dopaminergic neuron which projects onto the nucleus accumbens which is the interface for pleasure and the activity of the medium spiny neurons

72
Q

Noradrenaline

A

Neuromodulator of arousal and reward

73
Q

When the patient has sleep-wake cycles, but lacks awareness, only displays reflexive and non-purposeful behaviour.

A

Unresponsive Wakefulness syndrome

74
Q

Reticular formation

A

Network in brainstem which controls arousal

75
Q

Examples of neuropeptides

A

Vasopressin, somatostatin, substance P, endorphins, oxytocin

76
Q

Common cause of loss of consciousness worldwide

A

Malaria

77
Q

Sumatriptan

A

Targets 5-HT1D to treat migraines

78
Q

Tricyclics

A

Block Noradrenaline and Serotonin reuptake

79
Q

Pareidolia

A

Vivid imagery occurs without conscious effort looking at a poorly constructed background

80
Q

Hyperkeplexia

A

Defects in glycine receptor channels causes high muscle contraction and reaction ot unexpected noise

81
Q

Heritability

A

Proportion of phenotypic variance accounted by the genetic differences among individuals

82
Q

GABA synthesis

A

Glutamate decarboxylase converts glutamate -> GABA

83
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

Multiple genes which have a cumulative effect towards behavioural phenotype heritability

84
Q

Nuspirone

A

Inhibits synthesis and firing of serotonin acting on 5-HT which temporarily inhibits serotonin but in long term increases it

85
Q

When the patient lacks awareness and sleep-wake cycles, and only displays reflexive behaviour

A

Chronic coma

86
Q

Primary delusion

A

Arises fully formed

87
Q

Neuromodulator of mood, pain inhibition, body temp and introversion

A

Serotonin

88
Q

Product of noradrenaline metabolism

A

VMA and MHPG

89
Q

Glutamate receptors

A

Ionotropic

Year 1 (191 decks)

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