Anatomy of the Head and Neck

Question 1

What is the vascularisation of the larynx?

Answer 1

Superior and inferior laryngeal artery and veins

Question 2

What does the recurrent laryngeal nerve innervate?

Answer 2

Innervates all the intrinsic muscles of the larynx except for the cricothyroid muscles.

Question 3

What does the hypoglossal nerve innervate?

Answer 3

All the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles except for the palatoglossus muscle which is innervated by the vagus nerve.

Question 4

What does the superior thyroid artery supply?

Answer 4

A branch of external carotid artery that supplies thyroid gland, cricothyroid and infrahyoid muscles.

Question 5

What does the ascending pharyngeal artery supply?

Answer 5

Pharynx and middle ear. Branch of the external carotid between the internal and external carotid artery

Question 6

Superior laryngeal nerve innervates

Answer 6

A branch of the vagus nerve which innervates the cricothyroid muscle

Question 7

Scalene muscles function

Answer 7

Elevate the ribs for inspiration

Question 8

Great auricular nerve supply

Answer 8

Branch of the cervical plexus which provides sensory innervation to the skin of the external ear, parotid gland and posterior auricular region

Question 9

Supraclavicular nerve

Answer 9

Branch of the cervical plexus which supplies the skin surrounding the clavicle

Question 10

What is cervical plexus?

Answer 10

The anastomosis of the first 4 cervical nerves ( C1-C4) which gives off the phrenic nerve, supraclavicular nerve, greater auricular nerve and transverse cervical nerve.

Question 11

Ansa cervicalis

Answer 11

Neural loop in the neck from the cervical plexus. Formed of C1 and C2 and the inferior root C3 and C4.

Question 12

What are the muscle attachments of the hyoid bone?

Answer 12

Styloid muscle from the styloid process
Digastric muscle from the mastoid to the hyoid and mandible
Mylohyoid from mandibe
Geniohyoid from the mandible

Question 13

Digastric muscle

Answer 13

Anterior belly: digastric process of mandible depression on lower mandible border
Posterior belly: mastoid notch

They connect and attach to the hyoid bone via an intermediate tendon.

Question 14

Mylohyoid

Answer 14

Fan-shaped muscle on the floor of the mouth. Originates from mandible and attaches to the hyoid bone.

Question 15

Geniohyoid

Answer 15

Inside mandibular surface to hyoid bone. Raises the hyoid bone or mandible if they aren’t fixed. If hyoid is fixed, it raises the mandible. If the mandible is fixed, it raises the hyoid.

Question 16

Sternothyroid

Answer 16

Hyoid bone to sternum. Continuation of the thyrohyoid muscle. Responsible for elevating the larynx

Question 17

Omohyoid

Answer 17

From hyoid bone to the scapula. Middle portion has a fascia sling which connects it to the midclavicle. It is below the sternocleoidomastoid muscle

Question 18

Thyrohyoid

Answer 18

Originates from thyroid cartilage and attaches to the hyoid bone to become sternohyoid and insert into the sternum.

Question 19

Infrahyoid musles

Answer 19

Sternohyoid, sternothyroid, omohyoid and thyrohyoid. Supply is the superior thyroid artery and the ansa cervicalis.

Question 20

Anterior triangle

Answer 20

Bounded by the inferior mandible border, midline of the neck and anterior border of sternocloeidomastoid. Consists of the submental triangle, submandibular triangle and carotid triangle.

Question 21

Submental triangle

Answer 21

Unpaired portion of the anterior neck triangle bordered by the anterior bellies of the digastric muscles.

Question 22

Muscular triangle

Answer 22

Bordered by the midline, superior belly of omohyoid and sternocleoidomastoid

Question 23

Scalene muscles

Answer 23

Posterior neck muscles which originate from the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae. Attach to the ribs to aid elevation in inspiration.

Question 24

Different scalene muscles

Answer 24

Anterior scalene C to upper surface of rib 1
Middle scalene: C to upper surface of rib 1, posterior to subclavian artery
Posterior scalene: C to rib 2

Question 25

Splenius capitus

Answer 25

From C7-T4 vertebral processes to attach to the mastoid process and the occipital bone. Responsible for retracting the head.

Question 26

Levator scapulae

Answer 26

From the scapula to the cervical vertebrae to elevate the scapula

Question 27

Which vessels are present in the anterior triangle?

Answer 27

Common carotid artery with external and internal carotid artery, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve and reccurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 28

Posterior triangle of the neck

Answer 28

Neck muscles posterior to the sternocloeidomastoid

Question 29

Anterior triangle of the neck

Answer 29

Neck muscles anterior to the sternocleidomastoid

Question 30

Submental triangle

Answer 30

Bounded by the two digastric bellies and contains the submandibular gland. Begins from the symphysis menti of the mandible

Question 31

Submental veins

Answer 31

Located in the submental traingle. It drains into the facial veins and supply the submental lymph nodes along with the anterior jugular veins

Question 32

Carotid triangle

Answer 32

Bordered by the digastric muscle, sternocleoidomastoid and omohyoid

Question 33

Carotid sinus

Answer 33

Dilation at the base of the internal carotid artery which includes the baroreceptors and glossopharyngeal nerve

Question 34

Does the muscular trangle contain any vessels?

Answer 34

None

Question 35

Cranial nerve 11 (accessory nerve)

Answer 35

Gives rise to the greater auricular nerve, greater occipital nerve, transverse cervical nerves and supraclavicular nerves.

Question 36

Posterior triangle

Answer 36

Bordered by the trapezius muscle anteriory, middle 1/3 of clavicle and posterior border of sternocleoidomastoid

Question 37

Which vessels run through the posterior triangle?

Answer 37

Spinal accessory nerve