Gender, ethnicity and mental health

Question 1

What is mental health?

Answer 1

State of well-being where the individual realises their own abilities and can cope with life.

Question 2

What is mental illness?

Answer 2

Disorder diagnosed by a medical professional which significantly interferes with individual’s cognitive, emotional or social abilities.

Question 3

What is history of classification of mental illness?

Answer 3

1845 Lunacy and county asylum act, 19th century incarceration of poor and criminal

Question 4

How did mental health change in history?

Answer 4

Homosexuality was removed, transexualism was reclassified as gender identity, gender dysphoria was reclassified as gender incongruence.

Question 5

How is mental health classified by religion?

Answer 5

Witchcraft

Question 6

How is mental health classified by science?

Answer 6

Based on the brain

Question 7

How is mental health classified by ideology?

Answer 7

Based on your morality which is social control.

Question 8

How is mental health classified by morality?

Answer 8

Social control

Question 9

Why did mental health change in classification?

Answer 9

Emergence of medical science, rise of psychiatry and neurology, psychoanalysis, pharmacology talking therapies.

Question 10

What is ethnicity?

Answer 10

Shared culture, language, beliefs, nationality.

Question 11

What is gender?

Answer 11

Culture, belief, social conditioning

Question 12

How is ethnicity measured?

Answer 12

Health census and health survey of England

Question 13

What are the variations of mental health by ethnicity?

Answer 13

Chinese people have the lowest rates of mental illness.

Question 14

What is the prevalence of mental health in irish people?

Answer 14

Higher rates of alcoholism and depression.

Question 15

What is the prevalence of mental health in Black and African-carribean?

Answer 15

10-18x more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia, be regarded as violent and locked in secure ward, be hospitalised by police and poorer outcome after care.

Question 16

What are the cultural explanations of differences in mental health?

Answer 16

Due to belief that it is a test, perceived vs actual support of mental health, individual perceptions of spiritual and emotional wellbeing

Question 17

What is the critique of the cultural explanation?

Answer 17

Oversimplistic, places emphasis on difference from the norm of being a white male and ignores social inequalities like poverty.

Question 18

What is the social causation explanation of theory?

Answer 18

Differences in mental health is due to social inequalities, childhood sexual abuse, physical abuse, bullying, living in an urban environment.

Question 19

What is the minority stress model?

Answer 19

Mental health cause: Focused on race and sex and caused by the environment internal stress and external stress which leads to constant vigilance and negative feelings and adverse health issues like hypertension.

Question 20

Why does the minority stress model cause stress?

Answer 20

Enviornmental due to lack of social support, low socioeconomic status, prejudice and discrimination which creates a high stress environment.

Question 21

What is the critique of the minority stress model?

Answer 21

Correlation does not indicate causation and models may differ between minority groups.

Question 22

What are the systems of racism?

Answer 22

Historical racism in medicine, poorer health outcomes and different treatments and lack of diversity in higher positions

Question 23

What is the prevalence of mental health by gender?

Answer 23

More women than men are diagnosed with mental health conditions.

Question 24

Which mental health diagnosis are higher in men?

Answer 24

Substance misuse, anti-social personality disorder, psychosis

Question 25

Which mental health diagnosis are higher in women?

Answer 25

Anorexia, neuroticism, anxiety, depression

Question 26

What is the prevalence of mental health in men?

Answer 26

Boys have higher rates of illmental health than girls, they have higher rates of successful suicides and higher prevalence of behavioural disorders like alcoholism, substance misuse and psychosis.

Question 27

What are the causes of mental health in men?

Answer 27

Images of masculinity and seeing their body self as separate and distinct function and constructing their identity around work

Question 28

How does being trans affect mental health?

Answer 28

Higher rates of depression and self harm due to constructions of masculinity and feminity, environment and minority stress model and discriminative medical systems

Question 29

What is intersectionality?

Answer 29

The way multiple forms of inequlaity overlap.

Question 30

How can atittudes affect mental health?

Answer 30

Mental health services can be social control for disadvtanged groups, recognise the aetiology and the social factors surrounding mental health as a form of stress and provide culturally competent care to address diversity.

Question 31

How can practise be an intervention for mental health?

Answer 31

Address childhood trauma with mentally ill patients, interagency support with substance abuse, support GP’s to identify distress and provide therapies to address psychological factors.

Question 32

How can policies be an intervention for mental health?

Answer 32

Culturally competenet care, representation at higher levels, social prescribing with the communities, tailored care.