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Year 1 > B4 W1 > Flashcards

B4 W1 Flashcards

1
Q

B12 and folate sources

A

Meat, salmon, eggs, soy

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2
Q

Phagocytic cells of the CNS

A

Microglia

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3
Q

MCH

A

Mean corpuscular Hb

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4
Q

Which progenitor gives rise to neutrophils?

A

Myeloid

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4
Q

Which progenitor gives rise to neutrophils?

A

Myeloid

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5
Q

Anaemia due to bone marrow change

A

Infection, cancer, autoimmune disease, pregnancy, drugs and renal failure

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6
Q

What transports B12 in enterocytes?

A

Transcobalamin II protein and takes it to the plasma

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7
Q

Least common blood type

A

AB-

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8
Q

WBC with lifespan of 14 days

A

NK cells

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9
Q

What reduces iron absorption?

A

Tea and coffee, Proton pump inhibitors and antacids

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10
Q

How is bilirubin metabolised?

A

Into urobilinogen to be excreted by intestinal bacteria

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11
Q

Lectin pathway

A

Mannose binds to pathogen via lectin enzyme and induces complement activation

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12
Q

Schistocytes

A

Fragmented RBC with different shapes, found in areas with a central pallor. Indicator of haemolytic anaemia

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13
Q

Schistocytes

A

Fragmented part of RBC with different shapes.

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14
Q

Number of allelic variants for ABO

A

3

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15
Q

Which WBC are mononuclear?

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

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16
Q

How is iron from animal diet source absorbed?

A

In the duodenum and jejunum as haem iron. It is taken in via endocytosis and released into enterocyte by haem oxidase

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17
Q

Cells which contribute to tissue and blood cell development.

A

Stromal cells in the bone marrow

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18
Q

Stromal cells

A

Specifically in the bone marrow, give rise to bone, cartilage, adipocytes and contribute to sustained proliferation and self-renewal of haematopoietic stem cells

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19
Q

Difference between stromal cell and stem cell?

A

Stem cell is originated from mesenchyme. Stromal cell is a non-haematopoetic mesenchymal stem cell of the bone marrow.

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20
Q

Why does haematopoeisis not occur in adult long bones?

A

Fat deposition

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21
Q

What is glossitis an indication for?

A

B12 and folate deficiency and iron

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22
Q

What is a lymphatic trunk?

A

Lymph vessel formed from the convergence of efferent lymph vessels. It includes lumbar, intestinal, bronchomediastinal

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23
Q

What are the formed elements of blood?

A

RBC, WBC and platelets

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24
Q

How much of formed elements of blood do RBC make up?

A

99%

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25
Q

Substance on surface of RBC which induces antibody formation

A

Isoagglutinogen

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26
Q

What are the carriers of A and B antigens on RBC?

A

N-glycosylated glycoproteins, anion exchanger and Glut-2 transporter

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27
Q

What substance allows B12 to be absorbed?

A

Intrinsic factor produced by parietal cells, absorption occurs in the terminal ileum.

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28
Q

Complement pathway initiated by antibody-antigen complex

A

Classical pathway

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29
Q

How does an antibody interact with secondary lymphoid tissue?

A

Antigen interacts with cells in the follicle. This causes cells in the Germinal centre to divide

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30
Q

Polychromasia

A

Disorder with high number of immature RBC

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31
Q

Main storage site for folic acid

A

Liver

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32
Q

When does the liver release folate?

A

To maintain plasma folate levels. Released with bile

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33
Q

What is the recessive allele in the ABO blood group?

A

i

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34
Q

Condition where only RBC are affected

A

Pure red cell aplasia

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35
Q

Indication of haemolytic anaemia

A

Dark urine, splenomegaly, jaundice, heart murmur, schistocyte count is high

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36
Q

Types of pure red cell aplasia

A

Primary which is congenital and secondary caused by drug or infection

37
Q

How do erythrocytes form?

A

Differentiates -> haemoglobin accumulation -> ribosome synthesis -> nuclear ejection
Pro-erythroblast -> erythroblast -> normoblast -> reticulocyte -> erythrocyte

38
Q

Diamond Black Fan anaemia

A

Congenital Pure red cell aplasia with reduced erythroblast production

39
Q

Cortex

A

Area of thymus containing large numbers of T cells and dendritic cells

40
Q

Normocytic anaemia

A

Haemolytic anaemia, bone marrow disorder, hypersplenism, chronic disease anaemia

41
Q

Cytokine produced by cytoxic T cells which prevents macrophages leaving the site of infection

A

Macrophage migration inhibiting factor

42
Q

Stem cell gives rise to megakaryocytes, erythrocytes, granulocytes and macrophages

A

Common myeloid progenitor

43
Q

What causes B12 or folate deficiency?

A

Malnutrition, malabsorption, pernicious anaemia, pancreatitis, antacids

44
Q

What is the site of T cell death?

A

Thymic corpsucles composed of epithelial cells in concentric layers of flat cells

45
Q

How is the porphyrin ring degraded?

A

By haem oxygenase Into green biliverdin. This is catalysed by biliverdin reductase -> bilirubin.

46
Q

How does an erythroblast become a normoblast?

A

Haemoglobin accumulation

47
Q

What part of the spleen contains lymphocytes?

A

White pulp

48
Q

What are the components of the innate immune system?

A

NK cells, dendritic cells, phagocytic leukocytes, epithelial cell barriers

49
Q

Which granulocyte stains bright red by eosin?

A

Eosinophils

50
Q

Iron rich granules formed when there is failure of iron incorporation, when iron is not deficient

A

Sideroblasts

51
Q

Interferon

A

Produced by virally infected cells to inhibits viral replication and cell division. Activates NK cells

52
Q

Pancytopenia

A

Issue with haematopoietic stem cell. Condition affecting RBC, WBC and platelet production

53
Q

Cytokine produced by macrophage which causes neutrophil and macrophage accumulation

A

TNF- Tumour necrosis factor. Blockade can cause reactivation of TB and increased secondary infection

54
Q

Kinins

A

Polypeptides formed from inactive precursors. Induce vasodilation and increase permeability.

55
Q

Site where T cells mature

A

Thymus

56
Q

What is the composition of the red pulp?

A

Granulocytes, platelets, plasma and RBC. It is a large resorvoir for monocytes

57
Q

What does white pulp contain?

A

Mainly lymphocytes

58
Q

Leukotrienes

A

Substance produced by basophils and mast cells to increase permeability and attract phagocytes

59
Q

Microcytic anaemia

A

TAILS
T: thalasemia
A: autoimmune disease
I: Iron deficiency,
L: lead poisoning
S: sideroblastic anaemia

60
Q

A antigen

A

N-acetylgalactosamine

61
Q

Which cells transfer antigens to lymphocytes on Peyer’s patches?

A

Microfold cells

62
Q

Myeloblast

A

Gives rise to the granulocytes

63
Q

What stimulates phagocyte migration and intensifies histamine and kinin effect?

A

Prostaglandins

64
Q

Chemotactic pathogenic agent produced by basophils and mast cells

A

Leukotrienes

65
Q

Mononuclear phagocytic system

A

System of phagocytic cells in the reticular connective tissue

66
Q

Macrocytic anaemia causes unrelated to B12 and folate

A

Liver disease, reticulocytosis and hypothyroidism

67
Q

Complement system activated by antibody binding to antigen

A

Classical pathway

68
Q

A antigen

A

N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferse which transfers N-acetylgalactoseamine from UDP-Nacetylgalactosemaine to H antigen fucosylated galactosyl residue

69
Q

Cell where erythropoeisis begins

A

Haematopoietic pluripotent stem cell

70
Q

EPO stages

A

Riboome synthesis -> Hb accumulation -> nuclear ejection

71
Q

EPO synthesis

A

Juxtatubular intestitial cells detect o2 levels via oxygen dependent prolyl hydroxylase which regulates stability of HIF

72
Q

Receptors in macrophage membrane

A

TLR- Toll like receptor

73
Q

Phagocytes of kidney

A

Intraglomerular mesanglial cells

74
Q

Formation of blood cells

A

Haematopoesis

75
Q

Phagocytic cell of CNS

A

Microglia

76
Q

Protein which protects B12 from stomach acid

A

Transcobalamin I in the saliva.

77
Q

Porphyrin ring metabolised and excreted in faeces

A

Porphyrin is metabolised to biliverdin-> bilirubin-> urobilinogen -> stercobilin

78
Q

EPO transcription factor

A

HIF- hypoxia inducible factor

79
Q

Closed tubes which drain fluid from tissues and respond to fluid pressure. Consist of endothelial cells

A

Lymph capillaries

80
Q

Adult haematopoeisis

A

Flat bones such as pelvis, cranium, vertebrae and sternum

81
Q

Universal recipient

A

AB+

82
Q

Stem cells which form the granulocytes

A

Myeloblast

83
Q

RBC with nuclear fragments

A

Howell-Jolly bodies

84
Q

Macrophages of lymph nodes

A

Sinus histocytes

85
Q

Least common blood type

A

AB-

86
Q

Not enough Hb is produced

A

Thalassemia

87
Q

Agranulocyte

A

Lymphocyte, monocyte

88
Q

Follicle

A

Aggregation of B cells in secondary lymphoid tissue

89
Q

Reticulocytosis

A

High reticulocyte count- indication of high RBC count, related to macrocytic anaemia

Year 1 (191 decks)

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