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Year 1 > Anatomy of endocrine glands and thyroid > Flashcards

Anatomy of endocrine glands and thyroid Flashcards

1
Q

What are the pharyngeal arches lined with internally?

A

Endoderm

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2
Q

What are the pharyngeal arches lined with externally?

A

Ectoderm

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3
Q

What are the skeletal components of the pharyngeal arch formed from?

A

Neural crest cells

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4
Q

Which cleft remains open during embryological development?

A

Pharyngeal cleft 1

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5
Q

What is the boundary between the ectoderm and endoderm?

A

Oropharyngeal membrane

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6
Q

How is the pititary gland attached to the brain?

A

Via the infundibulum to the base of the brain. Hypothalamus is superior and optic chaismata is posterior. If the pituitary gland swells, it will place pressure on the optic chiasma.

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7
Q

What is the optic chiasma?

A

Optic nerves cross over for vision to be seen on each side

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8
Q

What is the midline structure located near the pituitary gland?

A

Optic chiasma

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9
Q

Where is the location of the pituitary gland?

A

In the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

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10
Q

What are the lobes of the pituitary gland?

A

Adrenohypohysis which is an endocrine gland and the neurophyposis which is a neural structure.

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11
Q

What is the embryonic origin of the anterior lobe?

A

Derived from the hypophyseal diverticulum of the oral ectoderm which eventually fuses with the neuroectoderm of the infundibulum of the diencephalon.

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12
Q

What is the embryonic origin of the posterior lobe?

A

Neuroectoderm of the diencephalon infundibulum. It will fuse with the hypophyseal diverticulum to form the pituitary gland.

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13
Q

What is the blood supply to the pituitary gland?

A

Superior hypophyseal artery which is a branch of the internal carotid artery. Inferior hypophyseal artery which is a cavernous branch of the internal carotid artery.

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14
Q

What is the venous drainage of the pituitary gland?

A

Cavernosus sinus.

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15
Q

What is the primary capillary plexus?

A

Formed from branches of the superior hypohyseal artery. It is located in the medial eminence of the infundibulum which allows neurohormones secreted by the hypothalamus to travel to the adrenohypophysis without entering systemic circulation.

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16
Q

What is the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal systemr?

A

Communication between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland via blood supply. Can travel to the primary capillary plexus in the infundibulum and then secondary capillary plexus in the adrenohypophysis.

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17
Q

What is the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract?

A

Communciation between the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus with the neurohypophysis via bundle of axons transmitting the neurohormones oxytocin and ADH. It is stored in the neurohypophysis.

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18
Q

How does the hypothalamus communicate with the adrenohypophysis?

A

Releases neurohormones which enter the capially bed of the medial eminence of the infundibulum called the primary capillary plexus. It travels to act on the endocrine gland adrenohypophysis to synthesise and secrete hormones which are released into the secondary capillary plexus in the adrenohypophysis and enter portal circulation.

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19
Q

How does the posterior lobe act?

A

It is a neural tissue which stores and secretes hormoens in response to electrical signals from the hypothalamus.

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20
Q

What is the histology of the anterior lobe of the pituitary lobe?

A

Highly vascularised endocrine gland with different cells. Contains somatotroph cells, gonadotrophs, corticotrophs, mammotrophs and thyrotroph.

21
Q

What is the histology of the posterior lobe of the pituitary lobe?

A

Neural tissue which is an extension of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus. It contains glial like pituocytes. Cell bodies located in hypothalamus

22
Q

Where is growth hormone released?

A

From the somatotrophin region

23
Q

Where is prolactin released from?

A

Mammotrophin region.

24
Q

Where is thyroid stimulating hormone released from?

A

Thyrotroph region.

25
Q

Where is FSH and LH released from?

A

Gonadotroph region.

26
Q

Where is melanocyte stimulating hormone secreted from?

A

Corticotroph region.

27
Q

Where is adrenocorticotropin hormone released from?

A

Corticotroph region.

28
Q

What are pituicytes?

A

Specialised astrocytes/ Glial supporting cells of the neural tissue of the posterior lobe.

29
Q

How are the lobes of the thyroid gland connected?

A

Via the isthmus.

30
Q

What level is the thyroid gland?

A

Cricoid cartilage

31
Q

What is the pretracheal fascia?

A

Fascia enclosing the structures of the neck from the hyoid bone to the thorax. Contains the thyroid gland, trachea, oesophagus and the internal jugular vein and common carotid artery.

32
Q

What is the blood supply to the thyroid?

A

Superior thyroid artery which is a branch of the external carotid artery. and inferior thyroid artery which is a branch of the thyrocervical trunk of the subclavian artery

33
Q

What is the derivative of the inferior thyroid artery?

A

Thyrocervical trunk, a branch of the subclavian artery.

34
Q

What is the venous drainage of the thyroid?

A

Superior and middle thyroid vein from the internal jugular vein. Inferior thyroid vein to the brachiocephalic vein.

35
Q

What is the derivative of the internal jugular veins?

A

Superior and middle thyroid veins.

36
Q

What is the derivative of the brachiocephalic vein?

A

Inferior thyroid vein.

37
Q

Where is the foramen caecum?

A

Between the anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of the tongue where the thyroid primordium develops and descends downwards to form the thyroglossal duct and reach the level of the cricoid cartilage in the neck.

38
Q

What is ectopic remnants of the thyroid?

A

Lingual thyroid, located in the thyroglossal duct.

39
Q

What is the thyroglossal ducts cysts form?

A

Failure to close the foramen caecum.

40
Q

What is the histology of the thyroid?

A

Consists of follicular cells surrounded by a single layer of cuboidal epithelium. In the centre is the fluid filled colloid colloid where endocrine secretions are found.

41
Q

Where are hormones stored in the thyroid?

A

In the fluid filled colloid.

42
Q

What is the thyroid gland plexus?

A

Formation of the superior and middle thyroid which drain into the internal jugular vein.

43
Q

What is the parafollicular c cells?

A

Large and few in number which produce parathyroid hormones.

44
Q

What is the parathyroid gland?

A

2 superior parathyroid and inferior parathyroid gland which is enclosed in the capsule of the thyroid posteriorly.

45
Q

What is the blood supply of the parathyroid?

A

Superior and inferior thyroid artery and the venous drainage is the thyroid plexus. However, this is dependent on the position of the thyroid gland.

46
Q

What is the histology of the parathyroid gland?

A

Composed of chief cells/principal cells which secrete parathyroid hormone.

47
Q

What cells are present in the parathyroid gland?

A

Chief cells/principal cells

48
Q

What is the embryological development of the parathyroid?

A

Superior parathyroid gland is 4th pouch and the inferior parathyroid gland is the 3rd pouch.

Year 1 (191 decks)

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