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Year 1 > B8 W4 > Flashcards

B8 W4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the tissues of pancreas?

A

Exocrine

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2
Q

Intercalated ducts

A

Function to secrete bicarbonate and reduce acidity of chyme

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3
Q

Cholecystokinin

A

Secreted by duodenal cells and pancreatic I cells. Stimulates release of bile and pancreatic lipase and protease

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4
Q

Nerve for parasympathetic control of bicarbonate secretion

A

Vagus nerve

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5
Q

What is required to give free flow for bicarbonate and enzymes to the intestines

A

Water- lack of this leads to auto digestion of pancreatic tissue

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6
Q

Which pancreatic cells secrete somatostatin?

A

Delta cells

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7
Q

Where is preproinsulin cleaved to form proinsulin?

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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8
Q

Organelle where proinsulin matures into active insulin

A

Golgi body by action of endopeptidases which release central c-peptide fragment

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9
Q

Insulin effect on hepatocytes

A

Glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, ketogenesis, proteolysis, lipolysis

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10
Q

Insulin effect on skeletal muscle cells

A

Glucose uptake, glycogenesis, amino acid transport, protein synthesis, K+ accumulation

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11
Q

What does insulin binding to skeletal muscle decreased?

A

Glycogen phosphorylate, proteolysis

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12
Q

Insulin effect on adipose tissue?

A

Glucose uptake, protein synthesis, lipogenesis, amino acid transport, K+accumulation

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13
Q

How does insulin affect lipolysis and proteolysis?

A

Decreases

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14
Q

What are the effects of insulin?

A

Anabolic

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15
Q

Where is GLP-1, 2 and 3 produced?

A

L cells

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16
Q

Effects of glucagon

A

Catabolic

17
Q

What do delta cells porduce?

A

Found in the pancreas and produce somatostatin to inhibit glucagon and insulin release

18
Q

Howis incretin affected in type 2 diabetes?

A

Diminshed

19
Q

Neonatal diabetes of young

A

Not related to autoimmne disease, it is a genetic mutation

20
Q

Genetic associations of type 1 diabetes

A

MHC complex, and immunoregulatory genes

21
Q

Severe insulin deficinecy

A

Increases glucagon levels and growth hromone and cortisol secretion. Increases hepatic glucose production and causes hyperglycaemia, elecrolyte depletion and dehydration

22
Q

How does acidosis affect blood vessels?

A

Vasodilation

23
Q

LADA

A

rapid onset and progression to insulin dependency. Lacks ketoacidosis symtpoms. Elevated pancreatic autoantiboides and risk factors for metabolic syndrome.

24
Q

What is the effect of increased ketone bodies?

A

Osmootic diuresis, vomiting and acidosis

25
Q

Claudication

A

Cramping due to blocking of blood vessels

26
Q

Pre-proliferative retinopathy

A

Severe damage of retina vessels, leading to blood leakage

27
Q

Proliferative retinopathy

A

Scar tissue forms

28
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

Not caused by glucose intake-related to nephrogenic dysfnction or neurological

29
Q

Neurological diabetes insipidus

A

Related to ADH deficiency

30
Q

PPAR gamma agonist

A

Thiazolidinediones

31
Q

PPAR alpha

A

Nuclear receptor for insulin sensitisation- found in liver, heart, skeletal muscle and vascular wall

32
Q

PPAR gamma

A

Nuclear receptor for insulin sensitisationn- found in pancreatic beta cells, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, vascular endothelium

33
Q

Which cells produce GLP-1

A

L cells

34
Q

K cells

A

Produce GIP

35
Q

Long acting glp-1

A

Exenatide

36
Q

GLP 1

A

Increases insulin secretion, delays gastric emptying and reduces gastric volume. Reduce HBA1c and reduce weight. Causes GI disturbance and pancreatitis.

37
Q

Gliptins

A

DPP-4 inhibitors- weight nuetral and are injectable. Cause mild GI symtposm, increase respiratory infection.

38
Q

Familial renal glucosuria

A

Caused by mutation in SGLT 2 transporter

39
Q

Giflozins

A

SGLT2 inhibiots

Year 1 (191 decks)

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