Block 1 W3 Flashcards
Proteoglycan
Glycoprotein found in the extracellular matrix which fills the spaces between cells
Tonicity
Ability of a solution surrounding a cell to cause it to gain or lose water. It is a measure of solutes
Sinusoid capillaries
Found in the liver, bone marrow and spleen
Marker of inflammation
C-reactive protein
Cause of oedema
Inflammation, venous or lymph obstruction and lack of proteins
Morula
Mass of indistinguishibale blastomeres which are still totipotent at this stage
Which stage of the embryo does protein synthesis and ATP production begin?
Blastocyt
What is the proportion of intracellular fluid in the body?
2/3
Sessile, amoebae, ciliates and flagellates
Types of protozoa
Virus in a capsid
Enveloped virus which has a capsid from the host cell
Virus without capsid
Complex virus
Which vessels generate blood pressure?
Large elastic arteries that expand and recoil
Which vessels maintain vascular pressure?
Arterioles which change shape when transmitting blood to the capillaries
Dense-> least dense blood component
Erythrocyte -> buffy coat (containing WBC and platelets) -> plasma
Causes of low plasma protein
Low protein diet, kidney/liver disease
Constantly open channel proteins
Aquaporins, which allow the free transport of water
Apical surface
Area on epithelia where it is in contact with the lumen
Heterophilic
Adhesion that requires different molecules to bind
Gram positive bacteria
Have a lipoglycan cell wall and a layer of peptidoglycan
Proteogylcan
Mesh made of gylcoproteins, where collagen and elastin are held and bind to cells via receptors
Basal lamina
Thin membrane between epithelial cells and connective tissue consisting of collagen and glycoprotein lamina which is on the apical surface and binds to integrins
Stratified cuboidal epithelia
For secretion of sweat glands and salivary glands and protection
Basolateral surface
Epithelial surface joined to the basement membrane
Catenins
Link cadherin intracellularly to the actin cytoskeleton
Brush border
Apical epithelial surface with microvilli
Humoral immunity vs cell-mediated immunity
Humoral immunity is adaptive immunity via antibody production. Cell-mediated immunity is the destruction of infected cells by T lymphocytes
Integrins
Transmembrane protein bound to the basement membrane as a link between ECM and actin cytoskeleton. It has heterodimer interactions for signal transduction pathway. It consists of an alpha and beta chain and is found in connective tissue.
Fenestrated capillary
Found in kidneys and small intestine
Gram positive bacteria
Lipoglycan cell wall
Areolar connective tissue
Wraps around muscles and surrounds the organs and blood vessels
Desmosomes
Anchoring junctions which prevent cells from being pulled apart.
Tight junction
Creates cell polarity by preventing passage of molecules beneath apical surface
Which vessel conducts blood away from the heart and towards the tissues?
Medium muscular arteries
Tonicity
No of solute particles
Osmolarity/osmolality
Conc of solute particles
Medium veins
Carry blood towards the heart and have small amounts of smooth muscle. Tunica externa is thinner than tunica media. Less smooth muscle than large veins
Large veins
Carry blood towards the heart. Contains cross sectional bundles of smooth muscle
More smooth muscle than large veins
What is a measurement for inflammation occurrence?
Native C-reactive protein
What attaches epithelial cells to the basement membrane?
Hemidesmosomes
Adhesive glycoprotein in connective tissue
Fibronectin
What provides strong mechanical attachments between adjacent cells?
Adheren/ anchoring junctions
Extracellular fluid
Transcellular, interstital and plasma
Least common WBC
Basophils
Saprophyte
Organism which feeds on dead matter
Fungi reproduction
Budding or asexually
Humoural immunity
Adaptive immunity via antibodies produced by B cells
Cumulus cells
Layer of cells around the ovum after fertilisation which protects it
Primitive streak
Streak down the embryo in the epiblast with the movement of cells to form the mesoderm layer
Simple squamous epithelia
Flat layer of cells for diffusion
Stratified squamous epithelia
Flattened layer of cells for protection in the oesophagus, mouth and vagina
Stratified cuboidal epithelia
Flattened layer of cells for secretion and protection
Transitional epithelia
Lines the bladder and urethra and can expand to hold urine
Ground substance
Layer of connective tissue where diffusion of oxygen, nutrients and waste occurs
Laminin
Adhesive glycoprotein in the basal lamina which provides a bridge between cells and connective tissue for anchoring
Integrin
Adhesive glycoprotein formed of alpha and beta chain. Binds to fibronectin and laminin for connection to cytoskeleton.
Controls filling of capillaries and contributes to vascular pressure
Arterioles
Transcellular fluid
In epithelia lined spaces such as synovial fluid, cerebrospinal fluid.
Cadherin
Transmembrane protein which binds to other cadherin via homodimer interaction and intracellular segment binds to catenin
Tight junctions
Creates cell polarity by sealing adjacent epithelial cells, formed of claudin proteins
Direct cell attack and antibodies
Lymphocytes
Large veins
Transport blood back to the heart and contain smooth muscle in the tunica media. Thickest layer is the tunica externa.
Sessile
Non-moving protozoa
Adhesive glycoprotien in connective tissue which binds to fibrin, collagen and integrin
Fibronectin
Hemidesmosomes
Attaches epithelial cells to basement membrane