Block 2 statistics

Question 1

Epidemiology

Answer 1

Epidemiology is the study of distribution and determinants of disease in a population and applying this to improve health.

Question 2

Descriptive

Answer 2

Describes how disease and health status varies to find how the outcome is distributed. In a descriptive study, we cannot make any conclusions about risk factors; it is only a record of facts.

Question 3

Analytic

Answer 3

Measuring the association to find the determinants of distribution

Question 4

Experimental

Answer 4

Testing a hypothesis to see if the outcome of distribution can be changed

Question 5

Incidence

Answer 5

Incidence is the number of new diagnosis in the population which increases with the immigration of ill people. It is a percentage of:
new diagnosis/ previously healthy population.

Question 6

Person years

Answer 6

Person years is a measure of the number of people followed up over a period of time.
Eg 1,762 people are followed up per year over a 17 year period. There were 61 new cases of breast cancer . To find the person years-
1,762 X17 years =30,000 person years

Question 7

Cumulative incidence

Answer 7

Cumulative incidence is the number of new cases as a measure of those initially free from disease. It is a proportion used for the prevention and treatment of disease.
New disease incidence/ initially healthy

Question 8

Incidence rate

Answer 8

Incidence rate is the number of new cases over person years. It is a true rate used for research on prevention and treatment of disease.

New disease incidence/ person years

Question 9

Prevalence

Answer 9

Prevalence is how many people have a disease. It can decrease with death, recovery or emigration of ill people. It is the number of people currently with disease out of the total population. It is a proprotion used for resource maangement and administration.

Diseased/ total population (ill and healthy)

Question 10

Prevalence of smoking in UK by country

Answer 10

Order of smokers from lowest to highest in 2020
England -> Northern Ireland -> Wales -> Scotland

Question 11

Prevalence of smoking by age

Answer 11

Greatest number of smokers in 25-34, then middle aged, then young people. Elderly people over 65 have the lowest smoking prevalence.

Question 12

Prevalence of smoking by educational attainment

Answer 12

Greatest number of smokers in those with no qualifications. The greater your educational attainment, the lower the prevalence of smoking.

Question 13

Prevalence of smoking by ethnicity

Answer 13

Greatest smoking prevalence in mixed ethnic people, then white people and those classed as others. Black people smoke more than asian and asians smoke more than chinese people.

Question 14

Prevalence of smoking by occupation

Answer 14

Greatest number of smokers in those doing routine and manual labour rather than those unemployed.

Question 15

Prevalence of smoking for relationship status

Answer 15

Greatest number of smokers in single people, with a very slight difference in those cohabiting. Widowed/divorced has higher than married which is the lowest.

Question 16

Prevalence of lung cancer incidence by country in UK

Answer 16

In the UK, there is a higher incidence rate for lung cancer for men than women. The country with the greatest incidence of lung cancer for both men and women is Scotland. Wales and England had a lower lung cancer incidence rate for men.

Question 17

Prevalence of lung cancer incidence for women in UK

Answer 17

For every country in the UK, the lung cancer incidence rate for women was above the national average.