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Year 1 > B8 W3 > Flashcards

B8 W3 Flashcards

1
Q

White, fibrous capsule on testes

A

Tunica albuginea

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2
Q

Tunica vaginalis

A

Layer of serous membrane covering the testis derived from peritoneum.

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3
Q

Cells that for inner epithelia of seminiferous tubules

A

Sertoli cells

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4
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur within seminiferous tubule?

A

Gaps between sertoli cells

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4
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur within seminiferous tubule?

A

Gaps between sertoli cells

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5
Q

What prevents passage of spermatoza into blood?

A

Junctions between sertoli cells

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6
Q

Sustencular cells

A

Cells which support gamete devElopment

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7
Q

Male sustencular cells

A

Sertoli cells

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8
Q

Female sustencular cells

A

Granulosa cells

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9
Q

Phases of spermatogenesis

A

Mitotic proliferation, meoitic proliferation, cytodifferentation

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10
Q

Produced at the end of mitotic proliferation of spermatogenesis

A

Resting primary spermatocytes

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11
Q

Resting primary spermatocytes

A

Cells which breach the tight junctions of sertoli cells and move into luminal compartments

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12
Q

Produced at the end of meiosis

A

Spermatid

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13
Q

Production of secondary spermatocyte

A

Meiosis- two divisions. First division has genetic shuffling to produce secondary spermatocyte. Second division to generate four haploid spermatid

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14
Q

Cytodifferentiation

A

Cytoplasmic bridges break open and release spermatids into seminiferous tubule

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15
Q

Number of clones of spermatids from 1 A1 spermatogonium

A

25

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16
Q

Final stage of spermatogenesis

A

Spermiogenesis. Golgi apparatus migrates to the poles and forms vesicle. Formation of streamlined spermatozoa

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17
Q

What forms the acrosome?

A

Occurs during spermiogenesis by action of golgi apparatus giving rise to glycoprotein rich granules which coalesce

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18
Q

What forms the flagella of sperm?

A

Centrioles

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19
Q

Interval cycle in spermatogenesis

A

16 days

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20
Q

What initates germ cell development?

A

Specification of primordial germ cells in endoderm

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21
Q

Where do primordial germ cells colonise?

A

The gonadal ridge

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22
Q

Origin of sertoli cells

A

Coelomic epithelia in medulla

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23
Q

Roles of testis

A

Spermatogenesis and hormone production

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24
Q

What forms the blood testis barrier?

A

Tight junctions between Sertoli cells

25
Q

What blood-testis barrier?

A

Testosterone produced by Leydig cells

26
Q

Epididymis

A

Long, coiled duct where sperm mature, are concentrated and testore. Develops from collecting tubules of the mesonephros

27
Q

Structures where the epididymis develops

A

Collecting tubules of mesonephros

28
Q

First Site of steroidogenesis

A

Mitochondria- conversion of cholesterol into pregnenolone

29
Q

Main site of steroidogenesis

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

30
Q

How is testosterone converted to 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone?

A

By reductase enzyme

31
Q

How is testosterone converted into oestradiol?

A

Aromatase enzyme

32
Q

What carries testosterone to the seminiferous tubules?

A

Blood

33
Q

What carries testosterone to accessory sex glands?

A

Lymph

34
Q

Seminal vesicle

A

Site of fructose, vitamin C, prostaglandins and ph semen

35
Q

Prostate

A

Secretes ions to maintain osmotic balance-also priduces prostate specific antugen and citric acid

36
Q

How much semen is produced by the prostate?

A

20-30%

37
Q

Drugs for treating prostate cancer

A

GnRH antagonists

38
Q

Finasteride

A

Reductase inhibitor

39
Q

Bicalutamide

A

Androgen receptor antagonist

40
Q

Oligozoospermia

A

Low sperm count

41
Q

Asthenozoospermia

A

Low sperm motility

42
Q

Teratospermia

A

Abnormal sperm morphology

43
Q

Temperature that testis work

A

35 degree

44
Q

Cycle of erection

A

Flaccid, tumescence, erection, detumescence, flaccid

45
Q

What cleaves cGMP to GMP?

A

Phosphodiesterase 5

46
Q

Alprostadil

A

Vasodilator which agonises prostaglandin E1 to treat erectile dysfunction

47
Q

Apomorphine

A

Dopamine receptor for erectile dysfunction via indirectly relaxatioin of smooth muscle

48
Q

Where are Leydig cells in testis?

A

interstital tissues of testis

49
Q

What hormones control sertoli cells?

A

Tesotsterone and FSH

50
Q

Morbidly obese BMI

A

40+

51
Q

Prevalence of overweight

A

Men greater than women

52
Q

Prevalence of obesity

A

Women is greater than men

53
Q

Doubly Labelled water method

A

Collecting samples of urine and saliva to measure disappearance of isotopes and measure energy output

54
Q

Redundancy

A

Neural and molecular signals with strong “drive to eat”

55
Q

Effect on melanocortin stimulating hormone on appetite

A

Suppresses appetite by acting on hypothalamus receptors. Effect is enhanced by leptin.

56
Q

Peptide YY

A

Satiety hormone released from intestines

57
Q

Glucagon like peptide 1

A

Satiety hormone released from intestines

58
Q

External factors influencing appetite

A

Convenience of food, price, availability, mood

59
Q

What regions of the hypothalamus respond to appetite?

A

Acruate and ventromedial nuclei- responds to leptin, insulin, ghrelin and gluose

60
Q

Paraventricular nuclei

A

region of the hypothalamus mediates autonomic and neuroendocrine responses for energy homeostasis?

61
Q

Tractus solitarius

A

Region of hindbrain for short-term control of satiety- peptide YY, cholecystokinin and GLP-1

Year 1 (191 decks)

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