A&P - Chapter 7 (Part 1) Flashcards
Cell growth
Depends on using genetic information in DNA to make the structural and functional proteins needed for cell survival
What does cell reproduction ensure?
It ensures that genetic information is passed from one generation to the next
What is the difference between cell growth and development?
Cell growth is physically getting bigger when development is becoming more mature
What are the last 3 months of pregnancy mostly concerning?
Growth
What does DNA contain?
Genetic information
What does DNA determine?
The expression of heritable traits
What does the structure look like for DNA? (3)
- Long
- Narrow
- Spiral staircase
- double helix
What makes up a gene?
Codons
- 3 of them
What are the building blocks of DNA?
Nucleotides
What 3 things make up a nucleotide?
- Sugar
- deoxyribose - Base pair
- Phosphate
Complementary base pairing
When A matches with T and G matches with C in protein synthesis
Gene
A specific segment/sequence of base pairs within a DNA molecule
What do genes do?
They dictate the formation of enzymes and other proteins by ribosomes
What does each gene direct? (2)
- RNA production
2. Protein synthesis
How many base pairs are in a human gene?
1000 base pairs
Genetic code
The storage of information in each gene
Where does protein synthesis occur?
In the cytoplasm
How does the master code for making protein get out of the nucleus?
Various types of RNA
- transcription and translation
What makes up RNA? (3)
- Sugar
- ribose - Phosphate
- Nitrogen bases
What are the various types of RNA? (3)
- mRNA
- tRNA
- rRNA
mRNA
Convey’s genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression
tRNA
Helps decode a mRNA sequence into a protein
rRNA
Is the RNA component of the ribosome, which is essential for protein synthesis in all living organisms
What 2 specialized processes does RNA play a major role?
- Transcription
2. Translation
Where does transcription occur?
In the nucleus between DNA and RNA
Where does translation occur?
In the cytoplasm
- involves mRNA, tRNA and rRNA
What happens in transcription? (3)
- Double stranded DNA unwinds/unzips
- Single stranded mRNA forms along a segment of one strand of the unzipped DNA
- mRNA is edited and moves into the cytoplasm
What does transcription do compared to translation?
Transcription tells you what to do, compared to translation which does what it is told
What happens in translation? (4)
- After leaving the nucleus and being edited, mRNA associates with a ribosome (which contains rRNA) in the cytoplasm
- rTNA then brings specific amino acids to the mRNA at the ribosome
- As amino acids are brought into place, peptide bonds join them
- Resulting in the creating of a polypeptide chain
- protein
What determines the type of amino acid? (2)
- Codon
2. Anticodon
Codon
A sequence of three nucleotides which together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule
Anticodon
A sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA
