A&P - Chapter 7 (Part 1)

Question 1

Cell growth

Answer 1

Depends on using genetic information in DNA to make the structural and functional proteins needed for cell survival

Question 2

What does cell reproduction ensure?

Answer 2

It ensures that genetic information is passed from one generation to the next

Question 3

What is the difference between cell growth and development?

Answer 3

Cell growth is physically getting bigger when development is becoming more mature

Question 4

What are the last 3 months of pregnancy mostly concerning?

Answer 4

Growth

Question 5

What does DNA contain?

Answer 5

Genetic information

Question 6

What does DNA determine?

Answer 6

The expression of heritable traits

Question 7

What does the structure look like for DNA? (3)

Answer 7

1. Long
2. Narrow
3. Spiral staircase
   - double helix

Question 8

What makes up a gene?

Answer 8

Codons

- 3 of them

Question 9

What are the building blocks of DNA?

Answer 9

Nucleotides

Question 10

What 3 things make up a nucleotide?

Answer 10

1. Sugar
   - deoxyribose
2. Base pair
3. Phosphate

Question 11

Complementary base pairing

Answer 11

When A matches with T and G matches with C in protein synthesis

Question 12

Gene

Answer 12

A specific segment/sequence of base pairs within a DNA molecule

Question 13

What do genes do?

Answer 13

They dictate the formation of enzymes and other proteins by ribosomes

Question 14

What does each gene direct? (2)

Answer 14

1. RNA production

2. Protein synthesis

Question 15

How many base pairs are in a human gene?

Answer 15

1000 base pairs

Question 16

Genetic code

Answer 16

The storage of information in each gene

Question 17

Where does protein synthesis occur?

Answer 17

In the cytoplasm

Question 18

How does the master code for making protein get out of the nucleus?

Answer 18

Various types of RNA

- transcription and translation

Question 19

What makes up RNA? (3)

Answer 19

1. Sugar
   - ribose
2. Phosphate
3. Nitrogen bases

Question 20

What are the various types of RNA? (3)

Answer 20

1. mRNA
2. tRNA
3. rRNA

Question 21

mRNA

Answer 21

Convey’s genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression

Question 22

tRNA

Answer 22

Helps decode a mRNA sequence into a protein

Question 23

rRNA

Answer 23

Is the RNA component of the ribosome, which is essential for protein synthesis in all living organisms

Question 24

What 2 specialized processes does RNA play a major role?

Answer 24

1. Transcription

2. Translation

Question 25

Where does transcription occur?

Answer 25

In the nucleus between DNA and RNA

Question 26

Where does translation occur?

Answer 26

In the cytoplasm

- involves mRNA, tRNA and rRNA

Question 27

What happens in transcription? (3)

Answer 27

1. Double stranded DNA unwinds/unzips
2. Single stranded mRNA forms along a segment of one strand of the unzipped DNA
3. mRNA is edited and moves into the cytoplasm

Question 28

What does transcription do compared to translation?

Answer 28

Transcription tells you what to do, compared to translation which does what it is told

Question 29

What happens in translation? (4)

Answer 29

1. After leaving the nucleus and being edited, mRNA associates with a ribosome (which contains rRNA) in the cytoplasm
2. rTNA then brings specific amino acids to the mRNA at the ribosome
3. As amino acids are brought into place, peptide bonds join them
4. Resulting in the creating of a polypeptide chain
   - protein

Question 30

What determines the type of amino acid? (2)

Answer 30

1. Codon

2. Anticodon

Question 31

Codon

Answer 31

A sequence of three nucleotides which together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule

Question 32

Anticodon

Answer 32

A sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA