A&P - Chapter 32-33 (Part 2) Flashcards
What substances contribute to the immune response? (4)
- Cytokines
- Complement
- Antibodies
- Interferon
Cytokines
Chemicals released from cells to trigger or regulate immune responses
What are examples of cytokines? (3)
- Interleukins
- ILs - Leukotrines
- Interferons
- IFNs
Complement
A group of about 20 inactive enzymes
- plasma proteins
What does the complement produce?
A domino effect of reactions
- formation of a membrane attack complex (MAC)
What is the end result of complement?
Lysis of a foreign cell
What are antibodies made by?
A plasma protein made by B-lymphocytes (B cells)
What do antibodies do?
Destroy or inactive antigens
Interferon
A protein made by certain cells when they are invaded by a virus
What do interferons interferes with?
Virus replication
What is considered the first line of defence?
Innate/non-specific immunity
- skin/skin secretions
- mucosa/mucus
- tears, HCl
- saliva
What is considered the second line of defence?
Innate/non-specific
- inflammation (heat, redness, pain, swelling, may include fever)
- phagocytes
What is considered the third line of defence?
Adaptive/specific immunity
- phagocytes
- specific immune responses
- natural killer cells
Inflammatory response
A generalized response to pathogens that are causing tissue damage
What are signs of an inflammatory response? (5)
- Heat
- Redness
- Pain
- Swelling
- Fever
What does the inflammatory response trigger?
The release of immune factors from the immune system cells
What does the release of immune factors from immune system cells do? (3)
- Attracts WBCs
- Causes increased blood flow
- site becomes warm and reddened - Increased vascular permeability
- site swells with associated discomfort
What do changes in the immune system cells do?
Help phagocytic WBCs reach the site and enter the affected tissue
How do adaptive/specific immunity do?
Protection against invaders due to the ability of the body to recognize, respond to, and remember specific harmful substances or bacteria
- aka non-self antigens
What kind of respond is the adaptive/specific immunity?
Systemic
- not restricted to initial area of ‘invasion’
What is special about the adaptive immunity?
It has memory
- if the body is ever exposed to the same antigen, the immune response will be even stronger than it was to previous exposures
What does the specific immunity involve? (2)
- B-lymphocytes
- B cells - T-lymphocytes
- T cells
Where do B and T cells originate from?
Immature hematopoietic cells in the red bone marrow
What happens once B and T cells are formed?
Both circulate to lymph nodes and spleen
Where do the T cells go during development?
They make a ‘pit-stop’ in the thymus
How are both B and T cells activated?
By exposure to antigens/chemical signals
- different once they are activated
What do activated B cells undergo?
Repeated and rapid mitosis to form two different ‘cloned’ populations of cells
What are the two different ‘cloned’ populations of cells?
- Plasma cells
2. Memory cells
What do plasma cells secrete?
Antibodies into blood to form an ‘army’ of protection against an antigen
How many antibodies is secreted by the plasma cells per second?
2,000
Where are memory cells stored?
In the lymph nodes as an emergency supply
- once seen it occurs faster (recognizes what needs to be done)
