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Anatomy & Physiology > A&P - Chapter 32-33 (Part 2) > Flashcards

A&P - Chapter 32-33 (Part 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What substances contribute to the immune response? (4)

A
  1. Cytokines
  2. Complement
  3. Antibodies
  4. Interferon
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2
Q

Cytokines

A

Chemicals released from cells to trigger or regulate immune responses

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3
Q

What are examples of cytokines? (3)

A
  1. Interleukins
    - ILs
  2. Leukotrines
  3. Interferons
    - IFNs
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4
Q

Complement

A

A group of about 20 inactive enzymes

- plasma proteins

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5
Q

What does the complement produce?

A

A domino effect of reactions

- formation of a membrane attack complex (MAC)

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6
Q

What is the end result of complement?

A

Lysis of a foreign cell

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7
Q

What are antibodies made by?

A

A plasma protein made by B-lymphocytes (B cells)

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8
Q

What do antibodies do?

A

Destroy or inactive antigens

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9
Q

Interferon

A

A protein made by certain cells when they are invaded by a virus

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10
Q

What do interferons interferes with?

A

Virus replication

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11
Q

What is considered the first line of defence?

A

Innate/non-specific immunity

  • skin/skin secretions
  • mucosa/mucus
  • tears, HCl
  • saliva
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12
Q

What is considered the second line of defence?

A

Innate/non-specific

  • inflammation (heat, redness, pain, swelling, may include fever)
  • phagocytes
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13
Q

What is considered the third line of defence?

A

Adaptive/specific immunity

  • phagocytes
  • specific immune responses
  • natural killer cells
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14
Q

Inflammatory response

A

A generalized response to pathogens that are causing tissue damage

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15
Q

What are signs of an inflammatory response? (5)

A
  1. Heat
  2. Redness
  3. Pain
  4. Swelling
  5. Fever
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16
Q

What does the inflammatory response trigger?

A

The release of immune factors from the immune system cells

17
Q

What does the release of immune factors from immune system cells do? (3)

A
  1. Attracts WBCs
  2. Causes increased blood flow
    - site becomes warm and reddened
  3. Increased vascular permeability
    - site swells with associated discomfort
18
Q

What do changes in the immune system cells do?

A

Help phagocytic WBCs reach the site and enter the affected tissue

19
Q

How do adaptive/specific immunity do?

A

Protection against invaders due to the ability of the body to recognize, respond to, and remember specific harmful substances or bacteria
- aka non-self antigens

20
Q

What kind of respond is the adaptive/specific immunity?

A

Systemic

- not restricted to initial area of ‘invasion’

21
Q

What is special about the adaptive immunity?

A

It has memory
- if the body is ever exposed to the same antigen, the immune response will be even stronger than it was to previous exposures

22
Q

What does the specific immunity involve? (2)

A
  1. B-lymphocytes
    - B cells
  2. T-lymphocytes
    - T cells
23
Q

Where do B and T cells originate from?

A

Immature hematopoietic cells in the red bone marrow

24
Q

What happens once B and T cells are formed?

A

Both circulate to lymph nodes and spleen

25
Q

Where do the T cells go during development?

A

They make a ‘pit-stop’ in the thymus

26
Q

How are both B and T cells activated?

A

By exposure to antigens/chemical signals

- different once they are activated

27
Q

What do activated B cells undergo?

A

Repeated and rapid mitosis to form two different ‘cloned’ populations of cells

28
Q

What are the two different ‘cloned’ populations of cells?

A
  1. Plasma cells

2. Memory cells

29
Q

What do plasma cells secrete?

A

Antibodies into blood to form an ‘army’ of protection against an antigen

30
Q

How many antibodies is secreted by the plasma cells per second?

A

2,000

31
Q

Where are memory cells stored?

A

In the lymph nodes as an emergency supply

- once seen it occurs faster (recognizes what needs to be done)

Anatomy & Physiology (123 decks)

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