A&P - Chapter 32-33 (Part 3)

Question 1

What do B cells not directly attack?

Answer 1

Antigens

Question 2

How is the launch attack by B cells occur?

Answer 2

By making antibodies

Question 3

What do antibodies do created by the B cells? (2)

Answer 3

1. Attack the antigens

2. Direct other cells to attack antigens

Question 4

What is the attack of antibodies from the B cells called? (2)

Answer 4

1. Antibody-mediated immunity

2. Humoral immunity

Question 5

What are antibodies a type of?

Answer 5

Immunoglobulins

- Igs

Question 6

What are the types of immunoglobulins?

Answer 6

1. G
2. A
3. M
4. E
5. D

Question 7

What is the most abundant immunoglobulin?

Answer 7

IgG

- 75% of all antibodies in the blood

Question 8

What do immature B cells make?

Answer 8

IgM

Question 9

What do immature B cells do in regards to IgM?

Answer 9

Make it and insert it into their plasma membrane

Question 10

When is the IgM most predominant made?

Answer 10

After initial antigen contact

Question 11

What do antibodies have?

Answer 11

Protein compounds with specific combining sites

Question 12

What do combining sites do?

Answer 12

Attach antibodies to specific antigens

Question 13

What do combining sites form?

Answer 13

Antigen–antibody complex

Question 14

Inactivation of antigen with combining sites is known as? (2)

Answer 14

1. Humoral

2. Antibody-mediated immunity

Question 15

What are the various modes of action for antigen-antibody complexes? (4)

Answer 15

1. Neutralize toxins
2. Clump or agglutinate enemy cells
3. Promote phagocytosis
4. Complement fixation

Question 16

What is an important mechanism of action for antibodies?

Answer 16

Complement fixation

Question 17

What does complement fixation cause?

Answer 17

Cell lysis

Question 18

How does complement fixation cause cell lysis?

Answer 18

By permitting entry of sodium and then water through ‘holes’ (MACs = membrane attack complexes) created in the plasma membrane by complement molecules

Question 19

Cytolysis

Answer 19

Busting of the cell

Question 20

Why do cells burst?

Answer 20

Due to an increase in internal osmotic pressure

Question 21

What do T cells not make?

Answer 21

Antibodies

Question 22

What do T cells only react?

Answer 22

To protein fragments on the surface of APCs or infected cells

Question 23

How do T cells carry out cell-to-cell direct contact combat? (2)

Answer 23

1. Killing APCs or infected cells by ‘poisoning’ them

2. Releasing chemicals that attract and activate macrophages to destroy APCs and infected cells by phagocytosis

Question 24

What is the carrying out of cell-to-cell direct contact combat called? (2)

Answer 24

1. Cell mediated immunity

2. Cellular immunity

Question 25

What gets rid of a lot of microbes?

Answer 25

HCl

Question 26

What are 2 types of cloned populations of the original T-cell?

Answer 26

1. Effector T cells

2. Memory T cells

Question 27

Where are memory T cells located?

Answer 27

Remain in red bone marrow until needed

Question 28

When do memory cells produce more active T cells?

Answer 28

Only when its necessary

Question 29

What do effector T cells kill?

Answer 29

Use ‘contact’ to kill APCs/infected cells

Question 30

What do effector T cells release?

Answer 30

Cytokines to orchestrate killing of APCs/infected cells

Question 31

What are 2 examples of cytokines to orchestrate killing of APCs/infected cells?

Answer 31

1. Interleukins

2. Lymphotoxins

Question 32

interleukins

Answer 32

A class of cytokines involved in a wide variety of immune functions in different cell types

Question 33

Lymphotoxins

Answer 33

Are powerful poisons that act more directly, quickly killing any cell it attacks