A&P - Chapter 36 (Part 2)

Question 1

What does regulation of ventilation permit?

Answer 1

The body to adjust to varying demands for oxygen supply and carbon dioxide removal

Question 2

What does the respiratory control centers do?

Answer 2

Stimulate muscles of respiratory system with nervous impulses

Question 3

Where is the respiratory control centre located? (2)

Answer 3

1. Medulla

2. Pons

Question 4

What are the most important respiratory control centres in the medulla? (2)

Answer 4

1. Inspiratory center

2. Expiratory centre

Question 5

What is the normal/resting respiration rate?

Answer 5

12-18 breaths/min

Question 6

What is the medulla’s respiratory control centres influenced by?

Answer 6

1. Cerebral cortex
   - voluntary but limited
2. Receptors
   - involuntary

Question 7

Cerebral cortex

Answer 7

Individual can change respiration characteristics voluntarily
eg. singing, swimming, blowing balloon, etc.

Question 8

What are 2 types of ventilation receptors?

Answer 8

1. Chemoreceptors

2. Pulmonary stretch receptors

Question 9

Where are chemorecpetors for ventilation located?

Answer 9

In carotid and aortic bodies

Question 10

What do chemoreceptors for ventilation do?

Answer 10

They respond to changes in O2, CO2 and pH blood levels

Question 11

Where are pulmonary stretch receptors located?

Answer 11

Throughout the pulmonary airways

- including alveoli

Question 12

What do pulmonary stretch receptors do?

Answer 12

Prevent lungs from over-inflating

Question 13

Eupnea

Answer 13

Normal breathing

Question 14

Hyperventilation

Answer 14

Rapid and deep respirations

Question 15

Hypoventilation

Answer 15

Slow and shallow respirations

Question 16

Dyspnea

Answer 16

Labored or difficult respirations

Question 17

Apnea

Answer 17

Stopped respirations

Question 18

Respiratory arrest

Answer 18

Failure to resume breathing after a period of apnea