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Anatomy & Physiology > A&P - Chapter 37 > Flashcards

A&P - Chapter 37 Flashcards

1
Q

What does pulmonary gas exchange refer to?

A

The exchange of gases in the lungs which takes place between the alveolar air and the blood flowing through the lung capillaries

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2
Q

What can the amount of O2 that diffuses into the blood be affect by? (4)

A
  1. The oxygen pressure gradient between alveolar air and blood
  2. The total functional surface area of the respiratory membrane
  3. The respiratory minute volume
    - ml of air moved per minute
  4. Alveolar ventilation (volume of inspired air that reaches the alveoli) and alveolar function
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3
Q

What do the walls of the alveoli and capillaries form?

A

A very thin barrier for gases to cross

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4
Q

What is the size of the alveolar and capillary surfaces?

A

Large

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5
Q

How is the blood distributed through the alveoli and capillaries?

A

In a thin layer so that each red blood cell comes close to alveolar air

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6
Q

How does pulmonary gas exchange occur?

A

Through passive diffusion due to the pressure gradient of O2 & CO2 between blood and lung capillaries surrounding alveoli

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7
Q

What does O2 follow in pulmonary gas exchange?

A

Its concentration gradient from an area of high to an area of low

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8
Q

What does CO2 do in pulmonary gas exchange?

A

It will diffuse in the opposite direction

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9
Q

Where does O2 move in exchanges of gases in the lungs?

A

From the alveoli into the lung capillaries

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10
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

A

Hemoglobin combined with O2

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11
Q

Carbaminohemoglobin

A

CO2 and hemoglobin

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12
Q

What does CO2 do during exchanges of gases in the lungs?

A

Moves out of lung capillary blood into alveolar air and out of body in expired air

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13
Q

How does exchange of gases in the tissues occur?

A

Due to the pressure gradient of O2 and CO2 between the tissue capillaries and the tissue cells

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14
Q

Internal respiration

A

Exchange of gases between blood in tissue capillaries and the body cells

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15
Q

How are O2 and CO2 transported in the blood? (2)

A
  1. In a dissolved state

2. Combined with other chemicals

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16
Q

What does dissolved O2 and CO2 rapidly form?

A

A chemical union with some other molecule (e.g. hemoglobin) because fluids (such as blood) can only hold small amounts of gas in solution

17
Q

What happens once O2 and CO2 are bound to another molecule?

A

Their plasma concentration (partial pressure – PO2 or PCO2) decreases and more gas can diffuse into the plasma allowing comparatively large volumes of these gases to be transported

18
Q

What is the majority of O2 transported by?

A

Blood is in the form of oxyhemoglobin

19
Q

How much O2 is dissolved in the blood?

A

1.5%

20
Q

Hemoglobin molecules

A

Large proteins containing 4 iron-containing heme components

- each capable of combining with an O2 molecule

21
Q

What does hemoglobin combined with very rapidly?

A

O2

22
Q

How much hemoglobin is combined with O2?

A

97%

- oxygenated blood

23
Q

How much deoxygenated’ blood is found in the systemic veins and pulmonary arteries?

A

75%

- saturated with O2

24
Q

What does the difference in O2 saturation result in?

A

The release of O2 from oxyhemoglobin to supply the body cells with O2
- the chemical ‘bond’ between O2 and hemoglobin is reversible

25
Q

What are the 2 forms of O2 in the blood?

A
  1. Dissolved O2
  2. Ooxyhemoglobin
    - vast majority
26
Q

What is a by-product of cellular metabolism?

A

CO2

27
Q

What does CO2 contribute to?

A

The pH of body fluids

28
Q

What happens if you have excess CO2?

A

It can be toxic and is eliminated from the body

- enters alveoli and is expelled during expiration

29
Q

In order to expel CO2 via expiration it must be transported in
the blood to the lungs by what? (3)

A
  1. Dissolved CO2
  2. Carbaminohemoglobin
  3. Bicarbonate ions
30
Q

What percent of total CO2 is transported in the blood for dissolved CO2?

A

10%

31
Q

What does dissolved CO2 produce?

A

PCO2 of blood plasma

32
Q

What percent of total CO2 is transported in the blood for carbaminohemoglobi?

A

20%

33
Q

What is the formation of Carbaminohemoglobin accelerated by?

A

An increase in PCO2 and slowed down by a decrease in PCO2

34
Q

What percent of total CO2 is transported in the blood for bicarbonate ions?

A

70%

Anatomy & Physiology (123 decks)

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