A&P - Chapter 32-33 (Part 4) Flashcards
What do cytotoxic T cells release?
Lymphotoxins
What do lymphotoxins cause?
Killing of a target cell
- APC or infected cell
What do helper T cells and suppressor T cells do?
Help to regulate adaptive immunity by regulating B & T cells
What do helper T cells secrete?
Cytokines
What do cytokines do?
Stimulate B cells and cytotoxic T cells as well as phagocytes and other leukocytes
What do activated helper T cells form? (2)
Form cloned populations of…
- TH cells
- Memory TH cells
What are suppressor T cells also known as?
Regulator cells (T-regs)
What do suppressor T cells do? (2)
- Suppress B cell differentiation into plasma cells
- allows fine tuning of antibody-mediated response - Regulate other T cells, including reducing T-cell reactions to self-antigens
Humoral immunity
Immunity conferred by the action of antibodies
What is humoral immunity activated by?
B cells
- plasma cells
- memory cells
Cell-mediated immunity
Immunity conferred by the action of cells
What is cell-mediated immunity activated/sensitized by?
T cells
What do activated T cells do?
Kill APCs and infected cells directly
How do T cells kill APCs and infected cells directly? (2)
- Releasing toxins that kill APCs/infected cells
2. Releasing cytokines to attract and activate macrophages to kill APCs/infected cells by phagocytosis
What can adaptive/specific immunity be?
- Natural immunity
2. Artificial/acquired immunity
Natural immunity
Exposure to pathogen is not deliberate
Artificial/acquired immunity
Exposure to pathogen is deliberate
What are the 2 forms you can have of natural and artificial/acquired immunity?
- Active
2. Passive
Where do you get natural immunity from? (2)
- Inherited
- Inborn immunity
- inherited immunity to certain diseases from birth
Exposure to pathogen is not deliberate in what type of adaptive immunity?
Natural immunity
What are the 2 types of adaptive immunity?
- Natural immunity
2. Artificial/acquired immunity
Active
Active disease promotes immunity
What does active natural immunity produce?
Antibodies
What happens in passive natural immunity?
Mother passes immunity (antibodies) to fetus through placenta or breast milk
Exposure to pathogen is deliberate in what type of immunity?
Artificial/acquired immunity
Active artificial/acquired immunity
Vaccination ‘stimulates’ antibody production leading to immunity
- typically longer lasting
Passive artificial/acquired immunity
Immune ‘material’ (antibodies) developed in another individual is given to a non-immune person via an injection
- typically shorter lasting
