Viti n Vini - Brainscape Flashcards
1
Q
Phomopsis viticola is a simlar (but separate fungus) disease to what?
A
Eutypa Dieback
2
Q
What is Esca commonly known as? What is unique about this fungus?
A
- Black Measles
- This is a result of a complex of fungi, rather than a single organism
3
Q
What is Bordeaux Mixture? When was it developed?
A
- CuSO4 + H2O + Lime
- 1885
4
Q
Symptomatically, what diseases are like viruses?
A
Phytoplasma
5
Q
What bacterium causes Bacterial Blight?
A
Xanthomonas ampelina
6
Q
Where does Esca thrive? What are the treatments available? How is it spread?
A
- Warm climates, but it exists worldwide
- No known control or cure
- Rain, wind, or pruning shears
7
Q
What fungul diseases affect vineyards?
A
- Powdery Mildew
- Downy Mildew
- Eutypa Dieback
- Esca
- Black rot
- Bunch rot
8
Q
In what order do these occur: harvest, fruit set, budbreak, veraison, flowering?
A
Budbreak, flowering, fruit set, veraison, harvest
9
Q
What is a VSP trellising system?
A
Vertical Shoot Positioning - may be used for either cane- or spur-pruned vines
10
Q
What is soutirage?
A
Racking
11
Q
What are the symptom of Black knot?
A
(Crown gall)
Vines develop tumors (galls) on its trunk, which girdle or strangle the vine, withering or killin the portion of the vine above
12
Q
What is a chapeau?
A
Cap
13
Q
What virus diseases are affecting vineyards?
A
Leafroll & Fanleaf Degeneration
14
Q
What is pigeage?
A
Punching down
15
Q
What low temperature will not allow yeast to work? What high temperature kills most yeast?
A
- 50ºF
- 113ºF
16
Q
What bacterial diseases affect vineyards?
A
- Pierce’s Disease
- Crown gall
- Bacterial Blight
17
Q
What are MOG and “jacks”?
A
- MOG = Material Other than Grapes
- Jacks = stem pieces left in grapes
18
Q
What is first visiable as “oil” spots on leaves and later results as what?
A
- Downy Mildew
- As spores germinate, a white cottony growth develops on the underside of leaves
19
Q
Vines prefer what temperature range? What is the ideal temperature?
A
Prefer - 50-68ºF
Ideal - 57ºF
20
Q
What remontage?
A
Pump over
21
Q
What negative effect does Peronospera have on the vines?
A
(Downy Mildew)
- It attacks the green portion of the vine, causing the leaves to drop off the vine - limiting it’s ability to photosynthesive
- The fungus survive the winter on fallen leaves in the soil - the spores reach the vine again w/ the help of rain splatter in the spring
22
Q
What temperature can red wine fermentations reach? What temperature causes risk? What the risks?
A
- Red wine ferm.= 90+ºF
- Risk = 95ºF - may cause volatized flavors or stuck fermentations
23
Q
Where is the Tendone trellising system commonly used? What is it called there?
A
- Italy - Pergola
- Portugal - Enfrocado
24
Q
What disease is responsible for as much as 60% of the world’s grape production losses?
A
Leafroll virus
25
What are the four broad categories of vine disease?
- Fungal
- Viral
- Bacterial
- Phytoplasma
26
What does "san soufre" indicate?
"Without sulfur"
27
How long does flowering occur? What is occuring during flowering?
- 10 days
| - Self-polinating - begins the process of fertilization
28
What are the vulnerabilities during flowering?
Cold, frost, and wind
29
What temperatures do red and white grapes prefer to ripen successfully?
Red ≈ 70ºF
| White ≈ 66ºF
30
What is délestage?
The wine is racked into a separate vessel, emptying the one with the cap, and then pumped back over the cap
31
What are the symptoms of Pierce's Disease? What treatments are available?
Symptoms
- A scourge, rendering vines incapable of producing chlorophyll
- Kills vines in 1-5 years
No treatments or chemical controls
32
Viticulture is restricted to what temperate bands of latitudes?
30º-50ºF
33
What trellising system is preferred for Pinot Noir in Champagne?
Cordon de Royat
34
How long is traditional Nebbiolo post-ferment macerated?
at least a month
35
What is the species of American white oak? Traditionally is it split or sawn? Kiln or air dried?
- Quercus alba
- Sawn - it is less porous, no fear of leakage
- Kiln dried - although many American coopers are using air-drying techniques
36
What are the ranges for the California Heat Summation Index?
- Region I: 2,500°days F (>1,371°days C)
- Region II: 2,500-3,000°days F (1,372-1,649°days C)
- Region III: 3,000-3,500°days F (1,650-1,927°days C)
- Region IV: 3,500-4,000°days F (1,928-2,204°days C)
- Region V: <2,205°days C)
37
When does budbreak generally occur in the North and South hemispheres? What average temp is required? What is the vulnerability?
- North - March/April
- South - Sept/Oct
- As the mean air temp surpasses 50ºF
- Vulnerability - frost
38
What is a "nepovirus"? Which nepovirus is a concern today?
- A nepovirus is a virus spread by soil nematodes feeding on infected roots
- Fanleaf Degeneration
39
When do the vines start bleeding water sap from the pruned canes?
February (N Hemi) or August (S Hemi)
40
What is collage?
Fining
41
What are the symptoms of Bacterial Blight? What are the treatments?
```
Symptoms
-Often kills young vines
-Shoots develop dark bronw streaks early spring
-Eventually wither & die
Treatments
-Hot water treatments
-Copper sprays, like Bordeaux mixture
```
42
What are anthocyannins?
Color compounds
43
Why are off-dry and sweet whites often filtered?
The sugar can lead to unexpected refermentation in the bottle
44
When does flowering occur?
6-13 weeks after initial budbreak (Depends on the climate)
45
What is acetic acid?
- Acetic acid reacts with ethyl acetate (a culprit of VA)
- A small amount is converted from acetaldehydes
- Excessive amounts can be produced by acetobacter (the group of bacteria responsible for turning wine into vinegar in the presence of oxygen)
46
What are the 3 stages of barrel making?
- Chauffage (warming)
- Cintrage (shaping)
- Bousinage (toasting)
47
T o F - A grape cluster is the effect of a single fertilization during flowering.
False - each grape is the product of individual fertilization
48
Describe the Cordon de Royat system?
- Spur-pruned/cordon-trained
- Similar to Guyot system w/a single-spur pruned cordon extending horizontally from the trunk, rather than a 2 year old can
49
What plants are glassy-winged sharpshooters commonly found near:? Where is Pierce's Disease common?
- Citrus orchards & Oleander plants
| - Southern US and Mexico, but moving northward in California
50
What is Powdery Mildew known as in the anamorph stage?
Oidium tuckerii
51
What are the symptoms of Black rot? What treatment(s) are available?
Symptoms
-Originates as a black spot on the vine's shoots, leaves and berries
-Yield reduction can be disastrous, if left unchecked
Treatment
-Can be controlled with fungicide sprays
52
What is the most common bunch rot?
Botrytis bunch rot
53
What is "grapevine yellows"?
Another name for phytoplasma diseases
54
What is microbullage?
micro-oxygenation
55
What are the treatments for Downy Mildew?
Bordeaux Mixture
56
When does veraison generally occur? What is happening in the vine?
- August (N)/February (S)
| - Sugars are moved from the leaf system to the fruit
57
What is "sulfites" vs "sulfides"?
- SO2 = sulfites
- Sulfides = H2S, mercaptans, and other foul smelling compounds produced under reductive conditions
- H2S levels may also be affected by the addition of SO2
58
When do the sugars move from the leaf system to the grapes?
During veraison
59
What are the symptoms of Flavascence Dorée?
```
Initially:
-Delays budbreak
-Slows shoot growth
Eventually:
-Causes bunches to fall off the vine and berries to shrivel
-Discolor leaves
-Pustoles and cracks to form
-May kill young vines
```
60
What flavor compounds/esters are added to wine via oak? When does this cease?
- Lactones & phenolic aldehydes (vanillin)
| - 4th-6th year of use
61
What are the symptoms of Esca in young vines?
(Black Measles)
- Weakens growth
- Affects berry development
- Discolor leaves
- In hot weather, it may suddenly die
62
What is the scientific name and common synonym for Eutypa Dieback?
- Eutypa lata
| - "Dead Arm"
63
What volatile compounds are produced during alcohol fermentation?
-Acetaldehydes
-Ethyl acetate
-Fusel oils
(These trace compounds remain in the final wine and influence its aroma and character)
64
What gets more sunshine a warm or cool climate? Does cloud cover greatly impact photosynthesis?
- Cool climate
| - It does not greatly impact the transmission of light for the purpose of photosynthesis
65
Why is SO2 added to must (both before fermentation or during fermentation)?
To prevent oxidation, bacterial contamination, and ensure rapid fermentation
66
What percentage of the grape embryos are generally fertilized during flowering? What happens to the remaining embryos?
- ≈30% are fertilized
| - The remaining embryo berries "shatter", falling from the cluster
67
Why is Nitrogen important in winemaking?
Yeast require it to work
68
How many inches of rain are required for viticulture?
20-30" annually
69
When do canes lignify? What is occurring? Why?
- During veraison
- They accumulate carbohydrates
- To sustain the plant through winter
70
When will fertilizer generally be added to the vineyard?
During the fall, after harvest
71
Describe these: macroclimate, mesoclimate, and microclimate.
- Macroclimate - the regional climate
- Mesoclimate - the climate of a particular vineyard
- Microclimate - a climate in and around a single vine canopy; the restricted space including all parts of the vine above the ground
72
Who developed the Guyot system? When?
James Guyot in 1860
73
Describe the Guyot- and the Guyot Double system.
Guyot System - most basic cane-pruning/head-training
- Req's a vertical trallis - for can suspension
- Has on main spur - and one two-year-old cane
Guyot Doulbe System - two main canes extending from opposite sides
74
What is the simplest form of spur-training/head-training?
Gobelet system
75
What climate does Crown Gall thrive in? Why?
- Cold climates - it systematically lives inside the grapevine
- During winter freezes, the trunk may rupture - causing the bacterium to invade the outer trunk, rapidly multiplying and fomenting the onset of the disease
76
What conditions are required for Botrytis bunch rot to germinate?
Warm weather and at least 90% humidity
77
What are the symptoms of Fanleaf Degeneration?
- Severely curtail yields
- Deforms shoot growth
- Poor fruit set and shot (seedless) berries
- Infected leaves are malformed:
- -Resembling fans in appearance
- -Forming yellow bands around the veins
- The productive lifespan and winter durability are diminished
78
What is the last link in the chain during fermentation of intermediate compounds between sugar and alcohol?
Acetaldehydes
79
How is Crown gall spread?
Through propagation of bacteria-infected budwood
80
What is generally responsible for vintage variation?
Weather, which is the daily manifestation of climate
81
How is Leafrool transmitted? What are the treatment(s)?
Spread by:
- Propagation of infected vines
- Insect vectors; i.e. mealy bugs
Currently incurable - infected vines are not always removed
82
When was oak first used for wine?
Ancient Rome, as early as 8th c.
83
Describe the Gobelet system.
- An ancient technique common in the S. Rhone and S. Italy
- The vine, often unsupported, resembles a goblet, with each year's fruiting canes extending from the spur-pruned, shortened arms atop the trunk
84
How is Eutypa Dieback transmitted? Where is it common? Why is it difficult to control?
- Spores are carried by rain and enter the vine through pruning winds
- Difficult to control as it affects a wide number of plants
- Common in Mediterranean climates
85
What is Daktulosphaira vitifolia? What was it originally called?
- Phylloxera
| - Phylloxera vastatrix
86
Describe the effect of Botrytis cinerea.
- The fungus will break down the skin of berries and allow other yeasts and bacter to rot the grape
- It spreads quickly through the vineyard
- However, if it invades healthy white grapes under favorable conditions, it will results in the "noble rot"
87
What terms are used for different pressed juice?
Vin de goutte - free run, high quality
| Vin de presse - coarser, tannic press wine
88
What two parts are a wine separated into during reverse osmosis?
Permeate - water & ethanol - distilled to proper level before being recombined
Retentate - Aromatic compounds
89
What age do the vine yields start to decline? When does it become uneconomical?
- Start to decline after 20 years
| - Uneconomical after 50 years
90
What is the only Phytoplasma disease effecting vineyards? Where and when was it first discovered?
- Favascence Dorée
| - Armagnac - 1949
91
What is the malevolent form of Botrytis?
"Grey rot"
92
What are the synonyms for the Gobelet system in Italy, Spain, and Australia?
- Italy - Albarello
- Spain - En vaso
- Australia - "bush vines"
93
What are the symptoms of Esca in older vines?
(Black Measles)
- It affects the wood, causing the interior of the trunk and arms to soften and rot from the inside
- A condition that led ancient Romans to use Esca - infected tree trunks as firewood, as its spongy interior caught fire quickly
94
What is photosynthesis?
The process in which plants convert CO2 into organic compounds, including sugars
95
What 3 fungal diseases are native to North America?
- Powdery Mildew
- Downy Mildew
- Black Rot
96
What is the minimum amount of sunshine to support viticulture?
1,300 hours
97
What causes leafroll disease? What are the symptoms?
-Caused by a complex of 9 different viruses
Symptoms
-Leaves display radiant shades (red to gold) in autum
-Downward curling of leaves
-Reduced yields
-Delayed ripening
98
What wines in the EU may produce blended rosé?
- Champagne
| - Wines below the PGI level
99
How is Falvascence Dorée spread? What are the treatment(s)?
-Propagation of infected vines
-Leafhopper insects
No cure exists - although insecticides may be used to control the leafhopper population and slow its spread
100
What is the simplest spur-trained/cordon-trained system?
Cordon de Royat
101
How did Black rot spread to Europe?
It spread with the importation of phylloxera-resistant rootstock in the late 1800s
102
When did Phylloxera invade the Southern Rhone?
Early 1860s
103
What are commonly used fining agents?
- Bentonite (clay)
- Isinglass (a material from a sturgeon bladder)
- Gelatine
- Egg white
- Casein
104
What is débourbage?
Settling of the must
105
What is Uncinula necator? When was it first recorded?
- Powdery Mildew (Oidium)
| - 1847
106
What are the symptoms of Eutype Dieback?
- Stunted shoot growth as the fungus releases toxins
- Eventually the infected cane may die - hence "dead arm"
- Drastic effect on yield - does not devalue the quality of the fruit
107
What are the symptoms of Powdery Mildew? What are the treatment(s)?
- Inhibits bunch development & ripening
- If infected prior to flowering - yields are reduced
- Infection after fruit set - fruit will struggle to achieve veraison and full size
- Treatments - application of sulfur and other fungicides
108
What temperature is needed for cold stabalization?
≈25ºF
109
When was de-alcoholization relegalized in the EU? What is the maximum adjustment allowed?
- 2009
| - Max 2% ABV adjustment
110
What is Crown Gall also known as? What bacterium causes it?
- Black Knot
| - Agrobacterium tumefaciens
111
Black rot is caused by what fungus?
Guignardia bidwell
112
Give 4 examples of canopy management.
- Winter pruning
- Leaf removal
- Shoot positioning
- Trellising system
113
When do you generally harvest a first crop from young vines? When are they considered mature? When does the root system grow to maturity?
- First crop - 3rd year
- Mature - 6th year - shoot growth/yields stabalize
- Root system - 10th year
114
Pierce's Disease is caused by what bacterium? What is it commonly transmitted by?
- Xylella fastdiosa
| - The glassy-winged sharpshooter - a leaf hopper
115
The Geneva system is closely related to what system? Describe them.
- Lyre system - spur-pruned/cordon-trained
| - Cordons extend outward from the trunk in a flat "U" shape, creating a divided canopy
116
What causes markings on grapes, leaves and shoots with dusty white growth?
Powdery Mildew
117
What is Downy Mildew also known as? When did it spread through Europe?
- Peronospera (Plasmopara viticola)
| - 1880s
118
What is the saignée method?
- "bleeding"
- Producing rosé as a byproduct of red wine
- Pink juice is down from a vessel to concentrate the must
119
What is the species of French oak? Traditionally is it sawn or split? Air or kiln dried?
- Quercus robur
- Split - prevents leakage in final barrel
- Air dried
