Italy - Brainscape Flashcards
1
Q
What is Nebbiolo known as in Ghemme & Gattinara?
A
Spanna
2
Q
What are the 4 DOCs of Basilicata?
A
- Aglianico del Vulture
- Grottino di Roccanova
- Matera
- Terre dell’Alta Val d’Agri
3
Q
What is Franciacorta Satèn and how long must it be aged?
A
- White grapes only (Chard & P/Bianco)
- Min 24 months on the lees
- Not released until 31 months after harvest
4
Q
What is vintage in Italian?
A
Millesimato
5
Q
What was Bolgheri Sassicaia DOC established?
A
Beginning with the 1994 vintage
6
Q
What is the capital of Campania?
A
Naples
7
Q
Where is the Falerno del Massico DOC, what wines does it produce?
A
- Campania
- Rosso - Aglianico & Primitivo blends
- Bianco - Falanghina varietal wines
8
Q
What is the main soil that characterizes the communes of La Morra and Barolo?
A
Tortonian soils - which contain a higher proportion of calcareous marl, and provide a softer style of wine
9
Q
What is Lombardy’s most important red wine zone?
A
Valtellina
10
Q
What and where is the Malvasia delle Liparia DOC?
A
- Sweet, passito and fortified from Malvasia
- Small group of islands off the northern coast of Sicily
11
Q
How does Guiseppe Quintarelli age his wines?
A
Large, neutral Slavonian butti
12
Q
What are the Nebbiolo based DOCGs of Piedmont?
A
- Barolo
- Barbaresco
- Ghemme
- Gattinara
- Roero
13
Q
When were Recioto and Amarone della Valpolicella approved for DOCG status?
A
Late 2009 (2010)
14
Q
What is the allowed blend of Valpolicella DOC?
A
- 45-95% Corvina
- 5-30% Rondinella
- Max 15% combined Molinara, Negrara, and Oseleta
- Same for Amarone and Recioto
15
Q
How many atmospheres are required for standard Franciacorta bottlings? For Satèn?
A
- 5 to 6
- Less than 5
16
Q
What is the common bottle of Moscato di Scanzo?
A
Futura
17
Q
What are the DOCGs of Lombardy?
A
- Franciacorta
- Oltrepò Pavese Metodo Classico
- Valtellina Superiore
- Sforzato di Valtellina
- Moscato di Scanzo
18
Q
Which of the following grapes play an important role in Trentino-Alto Adige: Cab Sauv, Cab Franc, Merlot, Pinot Nero?
A
All of them
19
Q
What portion of Trentino-Alto Adige’s output is dominated by co-ops?
A
Over three-quarters
20
Q
Where is Liguria located and what type of climate does it have?
A
- Occupies a narrow band of mountainous coastland, south of Piedmont
- Mediterranean climate
21
Q
What is the main grape and required aging of Torgiano Rosso Riserva DOCG?
A
- 70-100% Sangiovese
- Min 3 years (6 months in bottle)
22
Q
What wine is classically used with the Bellini cocktail?
A
Prosecco
23
Q
How long are the grapes of Recioto di Soave typically dried?
A
4 to 6 months
24
Q
What zones of production may make Soave Superiore?
A
- Classico
- Colli Scaligeri
25
What are the two notable Nebbiolo craftsmen also making serious Alta Langa DOCG wines?
- Fontanafredda
| - Enrico Serafino
26
What is unique about the Cerasuolo di Vittoria DOCG?
It limits maceration time to keep the vibrant Cerasuolo, "cherry-red", color of the wine
27
Petit Rouge dominates which Valle d'Aosta DOC sub-appellations?
- Torrette
- Chambave
- Enfer d'Arvier
28
What are the Roero DOCGs based on?
Roero DOCG
-min 95% Nebbiolo
Roero Arneis DOCG
-min 95% Arneis
29
What and where is the Brindisi DOC?
- Puglia
| - Negroamaro
30
What traditional practice dating back to the 1870s in Chianti is now optional?
The addition of white grapes - Trebbiano Toscano and Malvasia
31
What is Pignoletto?
- An autochthonous variety known to the Roman's as "Pino Lieto"
- Most likely identical to Umbria's Grechetto
32
True or False - Barolo can be aged in chestnut
TRUE
33
What province are Barolo and Barbaresco located in? Which river are they alongside?
- Cuneo
| - South of the Tanaro River
34
What is Prié?
A synonym for Blanc de Morgex
35
What grape is responsible for the still or sparkling wines of La Salle?
Blanc de Morgex
| Blanc de Morgex et de La Salle
36
How long must Chianti be aged and what sub-zones must be aged longer?
Normale
- Until March 1
- Montespertoli - June 1
- Superiore, Colli Fiorentini, Rùfina - Sept 1
- Riserva - 24 months, 12.5% abv
- Superiore - additional 0.5% abv
37
What are the Nebbiolo based DOCs of Piedmont?
- Lange - surrounds Barolo/Barbaresco
- Carema - near the border of Valle d'Aosta
Near Ghemme/Gattinara
- Lessona
- Sizzano
38
What DOC is the largest producer of wine in Italy?
Asti @ 650,000hl annually
39
What DOCG based on the high-acid, herbal scented Erbaluce grape? What styles may it be produced in?
- Erbaluce di Caluso DOCG (Piedmont)
| - Still, spumante, or passito (receives the most praise)
40
What method of secondary fermentation does Asti/Moscato d'Asti usually go through?
Charmat Method
41
Where is the Valpolicella Classico region located?
- The western end of the appellation, near the shores of Lake Garda
- Consists of four "fingers" or valleys
42
What is Piedmont's most planted white grape?
Moscato Bianco (Muscat à Petits Grains)
43
What is Sicily's sole DOCG? What is the uvaggio?
-Cerasuolo di Vittoria DOCG
-50-70% Nero d'Avola
30-50% Frappato
44
Can Conegliano Valdobbiadene Prosecco and Asolo Prosecco DOCGs be still or sparkling?
Yes
45
What range of styles can Albana di Romagna be?
- Secco
- Amabile
- Dolce
- Passito (most promising)
- Passito Riserva
46
Where is Euganei Fior d'Arancio DOCG and what is the main varietal?
- Veneto
- Moscato Giallo
- Tranquillo (secco or dolce)
- Spumante
- Passito
47
What are the three prominent white varietals of Campania?
- Fiano
- Greco
- Falanghina
48
Where is Aglianico del Taburno DOCG and what is the required varietal percentage?
- Campania
| - min 85% Aglianico
49
What is the capital of Latium?
Rome
50
When did Marquis Mario Rocchetta's Tenuta San Guido release the first vintage of Sassicaia?
1968
51
What region of Italy produces the most wine?
-Veneto - swaths of cheap P/Grigio and Sparkling
52
What portion of the wines of the Veneto are of DOC quality?
Over a quarter
53
What narrow waterway separates Sicily from Calabria?
Strait of Messina
54
What is Nebbiolo known as in Valtellina?
Chiavanesca
55
Describe the climate of Valle d'Aosta.
A continental climate with long, cold winters and short, hot summers
56
Where is Gavi located?
Piedmont - The extreme southern portion of the Alessandria province, sharing its western border with Ovada
57
Where is the Bianco di Custoza DOC?
-Veneto, surrounded by the Bardolino DOC
58
What are rosato versions of Montepulciano called?
Cerasuolo
59
What is Abruzzo's sole DOCG?
Montepulciano d'Abruzzo Colline Teraman DOCG
- Essentially Montepulciano d'Abruzzo's classico zone
- min 90% Montepulciano (vs. min 85% for DOC)
60
What producers of Sicily have led the resurgence of higher quality/lower yields in recent years?
- Marco de Bartoli in Marsala
- Planeta
- Palari
- COS
61
Is Tuscan Vin Santo fortified?
- It is not required
| - Labeled "liquorso" if it is
62
What is Vesuvio DOC called if it achieves a 12% abv? Where is it located?
- Campania
| - "Lacryma Christi del Vesuvio
63
Where is Cannellino di Frascati DOCG and what style of wine is produced?
- Lazio
| - Late harvest Malvasia
64
Where is Est! Est!! Est!!! di Montefiascone DOC and what is the principal grape?
- Lazio
| - Trebbiano
65
What central provinces of Emilia-Romagna are monopolized by Lambrusco?
Modena & Reggiano
66
What is the aging requirement for Barbaresco? Riserva?
Normale
-min 2 years (9 months in cask)
Riserva
-min 4 years (9 months in cask)
67
What 4 DOCs produce Lambrusco in Emilia-Romagna?
- Lambrusco Grasparossa di Castelvetro
- Lambrusco di Sorbara
- Lambrusco Reggiano
- Lambrusco Salamino di Santa Croce
68
What province is Brunello di Montalcino located?
Siena
69
How long must Alta Langa be aged? Riserva?
Normale
-min 30 months after harvest
Riserva
-min 36 months after harvest
70
Name 3 traditionalist producers in Barolo.
- Giacomo Conterno
- Bartolo Mascarello
- Giuseppe Rinaldi
71
When was the DOCG introduced?
1963, also, although the first DOCG was not awarded until 1980, when Brunello, Barolo, and Vino Nobile di Montepulciano were upgraded
72
Where is the Faro DOC and what grape dominates it?
Sicily's extreme northeastern coast Nerello Mascarello
73
What is Guarnaccia and where is it grown?
- A Grenache variant
| - Ischia DOC, in the Bay of Naples
74
What are the important permitted white varieties for the Trentino DOC?
- Chardonnay
- P/Grigio
- P/Bianco
- Müller-Thurgau
- Sauvignon Blanc
75
What is the uvaggio Soave DOC?
min 70% Garganega, plus Trebbiano di Soave, Chardonnay, P/Bianco
76
What 2 valleys are located in the eastern portion of the Valpolicella DOC?
- Valpantena
| - Illasi
77
Where and what is the Costa d'Amalfi DOC?
- Campania
| - Falanghina, blended with Biancolella
78
Where is Abruzzo located?
South of the Marche, along the Adriatic coast
79
What grape of Calabria has been linked to Sangiovese?
Gaglioppo
80
Describe the wines Barbera produces.
High acidity, low in tannin
81
What is Zibibbo?
A synonym for Muscat of Alexandria on Sicily
82
What percentage is required from the stated vintage and of the Prosecco grape to be DOCG?
-85% min for both
83
What grapes are permitted for Franciacorta?
- Chardonnay
- Pinot Nero
- Pinot Bianco (max 50%)
84
Where is the Marches located?
East of Umbria, on the Adriatic coast
85
What DOC is for still wines from Oltrepò Pavese Metodo Classico?
Oltrepò Pavese DOC
86
What grapes produce Orvieto? In what styles?
- Grechetto (a new uvaggio engineered in 2003 to focus away from Trebbiano)
- Generally dry, may be sweet or even botrytized
87
What is the aging requirement for Franciacorta non-vintage?
- min 18 months on the lees
| - not released for 25 months after the harvest
88
What is the sole DOC of Valle d'Aosta?
Valle d'Aosta DOC (it has 7 sub-appellations)
89
Name 3 traditional Brunello producers.
- Biondi-Santi
- Talenti
- Soldera
90
How long must Vino Nobile di Montepulciano be aged?
-min 2 years (1 year in wood)
Riserva
-min 3 years
91
Who spearheaded the orange wine movement in Friuli?
Josko Gravner
92
What is Tai?
A synonym for Friulano
93
What soils characterize the province of Orvieto?
Tuffeau
94
What province is Vino Nobile di Montepulciano in?
Siena
95
Who influenced the varietals found on Sardegna?
The Spanish Kingdom of Aragon ruled Corsica for 400 years until the early 1700s
96
What ancient grape, and parent of Teroldego, is one of Trentino's major red grapes?
Marzemino
97
What grape dominates white plantings in Calabria?
- Greco
| - White grapes account for less than 10% of Calabrian wine
98
What grape dominates the reds and rosatos of the Cirò DOC and where is it located?
- Calabria
| - Gaglioppo
99
What is the grape of Recioto di Gambellara DOCG and what styles can be produced?
- 100% Garganega
| - Sweet, still and sparkling
100
What are the two DOCGs of Valtellina?
(Lombardy)
- Valtellina Superiore
- Sforzato di Valtellina (Valtellina Sfurzat)
101
For how long must Amarone Riserva be aged?
4 years (no wood required)
102
T or F -- Franciacorta Satèn may only be released as Brut.
TRUE
103
What are the permitted sweetness levels for Franciacorta?
-Dosaggio Zero
-Extra Brut
-Brut
-Extra Dry
Not permitted for Millesimato or Riserva
-Sec
-Demi-Sec
104
What is Moscadello di Montalcino DOC for?
- White wines produced from Moscadello (Moscato Bianco)
- Often sweet
- Still or sparkling
105
Where is the Falesco Estate located and what is it known for?
- Montefiascone in Latium
| - Merlot and Cabernet
106
What is the most planted red grape in Puglia?
Negroamaro
107
What is Basilicata's sole DOCG?
Aglianico del Vulture Superiore DOCG
108
What are the requirements for Aglianico del Superiore DOCG?
- min 13.5% abv
- min 3 yrs (1 yr in wood)
Riserva
-min 5 yrs (2 yrs in wood)
109
What are Umbria's DOCGs?
- Sagrantino di Montefalco DOCG
| - Torgiano Rosso Riserva DOCG
110
How long must Sagrantino di Montefalco be aged for?
min 30 months
| -Secco - min 12 months in wood
111
Where is Morellino di Scansano DOCG located?
Tuscany, in the southern Maremma, in the province of Grosseto
112
What is the aging requirement for Soave Superiore?
- 1 year (3 months in bottle)
| - Riserva - min 2 yrs
113
How long must Montepulciano d'Abruzzo Colline Teramane DOCG be aged?
- min 2 yrs (1 yr in wood)
| - Riserva - min 3 yrs
114
Where is the Gambellara DOC?
Veneto, immediate east of Soave
115
What is sforzato?
A style similar to recioto, produced from Nebbiolo grapes that are dried to release no more than half the equivalent content of freshly harvested grapes
116
How many sorì are classified for Diano d'Alba and what must also be included on the label?
- 77 sorì are classified as superior exposures
| - "menzioni gregrafiche aggiunitive"
117
What are the unofficial sub-zones of Brunello di Montalcino?
- Sant Angelo in Colle
- Castelnuovo Abate
- Torrenieri
118
How many hectares of Montalcino's 24,000 are authorized to grow Brunello?
5,000ha
119
What is the blend of Ghemme?
min 75% Spanna, combined max 25% Vespolina and Uva Rara (Bonarda Novarese)
120
What is the blend of Gattinara?
min 90% Spanna, max 10% combined Bonarda di Gattinara and Vespolina (cannot exceed 4%)
121
Where is the Rosazzo DOCG and what is the main grape?
- Friuli (formerly a sub-zone of Colli Orientali del Friuli Picolit DOCG)
- Based on Tai (Friulano)
122
What are the 6 provinces of Chianti?
- Firenze
- Siena
- Arezzo
- Prato
- Pisa
- Pistoia
123
What is Bombino?
A synonym for Trebbiano d'Abruzzo
124
What is Bardolino Chiaretto?
Bardolino DOC rosato
125
Where is the Ischia DOC and what are the wines?
- Campania, offshore in the Bay of Naples
- Bianco - Forastera and Biancolella blends
- Rosso - Piedirosso and Guarnaccia
126
T or F -- Verdicchio can produce sweet or sparkling wine at DOCG level in the Marches?
False -- still dry only for DOCG, sweet & sparkling may be DOC
127
What is a sorì?
A southern exposure, considered superior
128
What are barrels are used in Vin Santo production?
- Caratelli
| - Holds just 50-liters (13 gallons)
129
What sub-zone of Chianti requires a min 75% Sangiovese?
Colli Senesi
130
What are the important Barolo commune crus?
- Barolo Cannubi
- Brunate (shared w/La Morra)
- Barolo Sarmazza
131
What does "stagafassli" mean on a bottle of Valtellina Superiore?
The wines were bottled in the neighboring territory of Switzerland
132
What Vin Santo DOC is the majority of the export?
Vin Santo del Chianti DOC
133
What and where is the Rosso Barletta DOC?
- Puglia
| - Uva di Troia
134
Who is the greatest Vin Santo producer?
Avignonesi
| -Vin Santo di Montepulciano
135
When and what was the Goria's Law?
- 1992
| - Introduced the IGT category
136
Where and what is the Greco di Bianco DOC?
- Calabria
| - Greco, principally produces sweet wines via partial appassimento
137
What DOC does Palari release wine under?
Faro DOC (Nerello Mascalese)
138
What is Gallura's climate and soil like?
Gallura is a hot, high-elevation zone with poor, rocky, granite soils
139
Where is Nuragus di Cagliari DOC?
- Sardinia
| - Nuragus produces tart, appley wines
140
What are the DOCGs of Soave?
- Soave Superiore DOCG
| - Recioto do Soave DOCG
141
Where is the Breganze DOC and what is produced there?
- Veneto, NW of Verona
| - Varietal dry wines from both local and international varieties
142
How many hectoliters of sparkling wine are produced from the Prosecco grape?
over one million
143
What are the two DOCGs for Prosecco grape?
- Congeliano Valdobbiadene Prosseco DOCG
| - Asolo Prosecco DOCG (formerly known as Prosecco Montello e Colli Asolani)
144
Where is the Offida DOCG and what wines does it produce?
(Promoted in 2011)
- Marches
- Rosso - Montepulciano
- Varietal wines - Pecorino or Passerina
145
Where is Conero Rosso Riserva DOCG and what is its uvaggio?
- The Marche coast
| - min 85% Montepulciano, max 15% Sangiovese
146
Where does Dogliani's fame stem?
Luigi Einaudi (producer) was elected as the second President of the Italian Republic in 1948
147
Where and what is the Melissa DOC?
- Calabria
| - Greco
148
Where is the Greco di Tufo DOCG? What is the uvaggio?
- Campania, north of Fiano di Avellino
| - min 85% Greco, max 15% Coda di Volpe
149
Describe the Vin Santo production process.
- Grapes are hung from rafters to dry, usually until Dec. 1
- Slow fermentation and aging in caratelli barrels
- For 3 to 2 years, depending on the style
- Chestnut is traditionally used, for rapid oxidation
- Modern producers have switched to oak
- Barrels are never topped
- Alcohol is concentrated through evaporation, and gains amber hue
- Final style may be dry or sweet, depends on length of appassimento
- May be fortified, and labeled "liquoroso"
150
Who is Torgiano's largest producer and why are they important?
- Lungarotti Family
| - They were instrumental in the elevation of Torgiano Rosso Riserva to DOCG in 1990
151
What are the communes of production of Barbaresco?
```
Concentrated in these 3:
-Barbaresco
-Neive
-Treiso
Also permitted
-San Rocco Senodelvio (Part of Alba)
```
152
What is required to label Valpolicella "Superiore"?
- an additional 1.0% abv
| - A min one year of aging
153
What percentage of a stated vintage is required for Franciacorta Millesimato? How long must it be aged for?
- min 85%
- min 30 months on the lees
- Not released until 37 months after harvest
154
How long must Franciacorta Vintage Riserva be aged?
- min 5 years on the lees
| - released after a min 67 months
155
What are the four DOCGs of Apulia?
(All promoted in 2011)
- Castel del Monte Nero di Troia Riserva
- Castel del Monte Bombino Nero
- Castel del Monte Rosso Riserva
- Primitivo di Manduria Dolce Naturale
156
Which authorized varietal is USUALLY bottled as rosé in Valle d'Aosta?
Premetta
157
What percentage of Corvinone may be substituted for Corvina in Amarone and Recioto DOCG?
up to 50%
158
What is the capital of Lombardy?
Milan
159
What is the difference between Amarone and Recioto della Valpolicella?
- Both dried for over 3 months (Recioto typically for a month longer)
- Recioto is usually semi-sweet to sweet
- Amarone is fermented to or near dryness
160
What is the aging requirements for Recioto and Amarone della Valpolicella DOCG?
Recioto
-None
Amarone
- min 2 yrs (Jan 1)
- Riserva - 4 yrs (Nov 1 of harvest)
161
What are the DOCGs of the Veneto?
- Soave Superiore
- Recioto di Soave
- Conegliano Valdobbiadene Prosecco
- Asolo Prosecco
- Bardolino Supeiore
- Amarone della Valpolicella
- Piave Malanotte
- Lison (shared w/Friuli)
- Colli Euganei Fior d'Arancio
- Colli di Conegliano
- Friularo di Bagnoli
- Montello Rosso
- Recioto di Gambellara
- Recioto della Valpolicella
162
Who discovered Marsala?
- An Englishman, John Woodhouse, in 1773
| - He fortified the wine to ensure a safe shipment to his home country from Sicily
163
What international varieties have attributed to IGT Sicilia's success?
Cabernet or Syrah
164
What are the major geographical features of Piedmont?
The Apennine and Alp mountain ranges and the Po River
165
Who are Abruzzo's two premiere producers and what do they release their wines as?
- Edoardo Valentini and the naturalistic Emilio Pepe
| - Simply as Montepulciano d'Abruzzo
166
What is Moscato di Scanzo DOCG and where is it located?
- Surrounds the town of Gergamo, west of Franciacorta
| - Sweet, passito red wines from a red Moscato grape
167
What are the important Barolo crus of the Serralunga d'Alba commune?
- Serralunga-Lazzarito
| - Serralunga-Cerretta
168
What is Chiavanesca?
A synonym for Nebbiolo in Valtellina (Lombardy)
169
What percentage of Pinot Nero is required for Franciacorta Rosé? Can it be made by blending or saignée method?
- min 25% Pinot Nero
| - Blending only
170
What is the most heavily planted grape on Sicilia?
Cataratto
171
What white grapes are important for the Alto-Adige DOC?
- Chardonnay
- P/Grigio
- P/Bianco
- Müller-Thurgau
- Sauvignon Blanc
- Gewurztraminer
- Sylvaner
172
What is Pigato?
A synonym for Vermentino in Liguria
173
What 3 grapes are used in the production of Marsala?
- Inzolia
- Grillo
- Cataratto
174
What 5 communes are in the Valpolicella Classico region?
- Fumane
- Marano
- Negrar
- Sant'Ambrogio
- San Pietro in Cariano
175
What is Sardinia's sole DOCG?
Vermentino di Gallura DOCG
176
Describe the wines that Dolcetto produces.
Rustic framed, tannic, fruity wines, with low acid
177
What is the main grape of Colli Orientali del Friuli Picolit DOCG and what style?
- Picolit
| - Passito
178
Describe Vin Santo of Tuscany.
- high-alcohol
| - almond- and honey-toned
179
What grapes are used to produce Vin Santo?
- Trebbiano and Malvasia (Grechetto is sometimes authorized)
| - Rosé - min 50% Sangiovese added to the white grapes (labeled "Occhio di Pernice"
180
What does "Occhio di Pernice" mean on a Vin Santo label?
Rosé
181
What abv is required for Valpolicella Ripasso DOC?
- min 12.5%
| - Superiore - min 13%
182
Where is the Bardolino DOC located?
-Veneto, between Valpolicella Classico and the eastern shores of Lake Garda
183
What portion of Trentino-Alto Adige's wine is DOC?
As of 2000, over 75%
184
How do the wines of Valtellina compare to Piedmont Nebbiolo?
Lighter and more angular
185
Where is the highly regarded Fattoria Selvapiana located?
- Pomino DOC (Tuscany)
| - Located within Rùfina
186
What is the Valdadige DOC?
A multi-regional DOC that encapsulates Trentino-Alto Adige, along with Verona in the Veneto
187
What Lambrusco DOC lies in Lombardy?
Lambrusco Montovano DOC
188
What does Piedmont mean?
"the foot of the mountains"
189
What are the sparkling wine DOCGs of the Veneto?
- Recioto di Soave
- Recioto di Gambellara
- Recioto della Valpolicella
- Conegliano Valdobbiadene Prosecco
- Asolo Prosecco
- Colli Euganei Fior d'Arancio
190
What river carved the Valle d'Aosta?
Dora Baltea River
191
What are Friuli's most relevant and quality minded DOCs of its ten?
- Collio (Collio Goriziano)
- Colli Orientali del Friuli
- Grave del Friuli
192
What grapes dominate the Bolgheri DOC? How long must Superiore be aged and what is the min abv?
Rosso
-Cab, Merlot, Sangiovese - max individually 70%
Bianco
-Vermentino (Sauvignon & Trebbiano allowed)
Superiore - min 2 yrs (1 yr in wood)
-min 12.5% abv
193
What are the sub-zones of Chianti?
- Rùfina
- Colli Fiorentini
- Monespertoli
- Colli Aretini
- Colline Pisane
- Colli Senesi
- Montalbano
194
What are the aging requirements for Barolo normale? Riserva?
Normale
-38 mos from Nov 1 the year of harvest (18 mos in oak or chestnut)
Riserva
-62 mos from Nov 1 the year of harvest (18 mos in oak or chestnut)
195
When was the recipe for Chianti DOCG updated to 70-100%?
- 1996
| - But as of 2009 only 70% is required
196
What indigenous Latium red grape has its own DOCG?
- Cesanese
| - Cesanese del Piglio DOCG
197
What is the main soil that characterizes the communes of Monforte d'Alba and Serralunga d'Alba?
Helvetian sandstone soils; they supply more structure in the wines
198
What type of climate is Piedmont?
A continental climate and the Alps provide a "rainshadow" effect
199
Who is credited for isolating and creating the first Brunello? When was it released? When was the first Brunello Riserva released?
- Clemente Santi of Tenuta Greppo's Biondi-Santi in 1865
| - He released the first Brunello Riserva in 1888
200
How long must Brunello be aged?
- Min 2 yrs in wood (4 mos in bottle)
- Not released until Jan 1 of the 5th yr following harvest
Riserva
- min 2 yrs in wood (6 mos in bottle)
- Not released until Jan 1 of the 6 yr following harvest
201
T or F -- Veneto's Prosecco DOC extends into Friuli.
TRUE
202
What red grapes may be used to produce varietal wines in Liguria's Riviera Ligure di Ponente DOC?
- Ormeasco (Dolcetto)
- Sangiovese
- Rossese (Local red)
203
Where is Lazio located?
South of Tuscany and Umbria on the Tyrrhenian coast
204
Where is Umbria located?
East of Tuscany, land locked
205
What are the important indigenous white grapes grown in Piedmont?
- Moscato Bianco (Muscat à Petits Grains)
- Cortese
- Arneis
- Erbaluce
- Favorita (Vermentino)
206
Wehre is the Collio Goriziano DOC?
Friuli, aka Collio
207
What is the classic pairing for Lambrusco?
Cured meats
208
What is the name of Ca'Del Bosco's prestige cuvee?
Annamaria Clementi
| -It is on par with Champagne's serious efforts
209
What is the most important white grape in Liguria?
Pigato
210
Where is Rosso della Val di Cornia DOCG?
- Surrounds Bolgheri
- Promoted in 2011
- Based on Sangiovese w/higher proportions of Merlot & Cab Sauv
211
What is the Suvereto DOCG and where is it located?
- Formerly a sub-zone of Val di Cornia DOCG
- Borders Bolgheri
- Promoted in 2011
- Based on Cab Sauv or Merlot
212
What does the Superiore versions of Dogliani and Dolcetto d'Alba stipulate?
A heightened level of alcohol
213
What are the important Barolo crus of the La Morra commune?
- Brunate (shared w/Barolo)
- La Morra-Cerequio
- La Morra-Le Rocche
214
What is the capital of Piedmont?
Turin
215
Where is the Ramondolo DOCG and what is the main grape/style?
- Friuli
- Verduzzo Friulano (Bianco)
- Passito
216
What are the four DOCs of Molise?
- Biferno
- Molise
- Tintilia del Molise
- Pentro di Isernia
217
What is much of Puglia's mass production devoted to?
Vermout, bulk blending, or distillate
218
What is Vermentino known as in Liguria?
Pigato
219
What are the required atmospheres of pressure for Prosecco spumante and frizzante?
Sparkling - min 3.5 atmospheres
| Frizzante - 1-2.5 atmospheres
220
What is the Gavi DOCG based on? What styles can be produced?
- Cortese
- Still
- Spumante or Frizzante
221
What is Conegliano Valdobbiadene Prosecco's most noteworthy cru and how is it labeled? What is required?
- Cartizze
- "Valdobbiadene Superiore di Cartizze"
- Fully sparkling, generally "dry" w/17-35g/l of RS
222
What percentage of the production of Emilia-Romagna is DOC?
barely 15%
223
What is the Trentino-Alto Adige synonym(s) for Trollinger?
- Trentino - Schiava
| - Alto-Adige - Vernatsch
224
Where is the Vernaccia di Serrapetrona DOCG and what style of wines does it produce?
- Marche, inland
- Sparkling reds (dry or sweet)
- min 40% of grapes must be passito
225
Where is the Lacrima di Morro d'Alba DOC what style of wines does it produce?
- Marche
| - Lacrima (rosso) - heady, floral, P/Noir-like character
226
What are the Barbaresco crus of the Treiso commune?
- Treiso-Pajorè
| - Bricco di Treiso
227
What are the major differences for the Chianti Classico DOCG?
- min 80% Sangiovese
- As of 2006, no white grapes are permitted
- min 12% abv (11.5% for Chianti)
- Must be aged for 1 yr
228
Where is the Castelli Romani DOC and what are the grapes?
- Lazio
| - Trebbiano and Malvasia
229
What is the traditional dessert wine DOC of Tuscany?
Vin Santo
230
What geographical features moderate Umbria's climate?
- Lies in the rain shadow of the Apennines
| - The climate is moderated by the maritime wines from the Tyrrhenian Sea
231
What wine was used to toast the first successful nuclear reaction of the Manhattan Project?
Orvieto
232
What are the DOCGs of Tuscany?
- Chianti
- Chianti Classico
- Carmignano
- Morellino di Scansano
- Brunello di Montalcino
- Vino Nobile di Montepulciano
- Vernaccia di San Gimignano
- Elba Aleatico Passito
- Montecucco Sangiovese
- Suvereto
- Rosso della Val di Cornia
233
How long must Moscato do Scanzo DOCG be aged?
A min 2 yrs (no wood required)
234
Where is the Primitivo di Manduria DOC?
- Puglia
| - 100% Primitivo
235
What are the 7 sub-appellations of the Valle d'Aosta DOC?
- Arnad-Montjovet
- Blanc de Morgex et de la Salle
- Chambave
- Donnas
- Enfer d'Arvier
- Nus
- Torette
236
What is generally considered the best cru in the village of Barolo?
Cannubi
237
Where is the Piave Malanotte DOCG located and what is the main grape? What is the secondary grape? What is required of the winemaking process?
Veneto
Raboso Piave (rosso)
-max 30% Raboso Veronese
-15-30% must be appassimento
238
What are the important Barolo crus of the Castiglione Falletto commune?
- Castiglione-Bricco Rocche
- Castiglione-Monprivato
- Castiglione-Villero
- Castiglione-Bricco Fiasco
239
What are Friuli's DOCGs?
- Ramandolo
- Colli Orientali del Fiuli-Picolit
- Lison (shared w/Veneto)
- Rosazzo
240
What are the DOCGs of Trentino-Alto Adige?
It contains none
241
Where is Friularo di Bagnoli DOCG and what is the main grape?
- Veneto
| - Raboso Piave
242
What and where is Salice Salentino DOC?
- Puglia
- Rosso/rosato - Negroamaro
- Bianco - Chard, P/Bianco
243
What is Sardinia's premiere red grape?
Cannonau (Grenache)
244
T or F -- Primitivo di Manduria DOC styles range from secco to dolce.
False - with the advent of Primitivo di Mandruai Dolce Naturale DOCG, DOC wines cannot be sweet
245
What is the varietal makeup of Gambellara DOC?
Garganega w/a combined max 20% of Trebbiano di Soave and Trebbiano di Toscana
246
When did Valpolicella Ripasso receive its own DOC?
2009
247
What is the Franciacorta style DOCG of Piedmont?
Alta Langa DOCG
- Promoted in 2010
- Only became a DOC in 2002
- Based on P/Nero and Chardonnay
248
What red DOC is produced in the Orvieto province?
Lago di Corbara DOC
249
What 3 provinces are in the hills of Monferrato and Langhe?
Asti, Alessandria, and Cuneo
250
What grape has Aleatico been genetically linked to?
Muscat à Petits Grains - possibly a red-skinned mutation
251
How many communes may Barolo be produced in? What are the most important?
- 11 communes
- These 5 account for 90% of the demarcated land:
- La Morra
- Barolo
- Serralunga d'Alba
- Monforte d'Alba
- Castiglione Falletto
252
How does Friuli rank amongst Italy's regions for DOC production?
3rd behind Trentino-Alto Adige and Piedmont
253
What 3 regions make up Tre-Venezie?
- Veneto
- Trentino-Alto Adige
- Friuli-Venezia-Giulia
254
What is the only dessert wine to receive a DOCG?
Elba Aleatico Passito DOCG
255
What is Tuscany's sole white DOCG?
Vernaccia di San Gimignano
256
What is Marzemino?
An ancient red grape and parent of Teroldego, plays a major role in Trentino DOC varietal wines
257
What are the DOCs that highlight Pigato in Liguria?
- Colli di Luni
| - Riviera Ligure di Ponente
258
What are the DOCGs of Piedmont?
- Barolo
- Barbaresco
- Ghemme
- Gattinara
- Roero
- Barbera del Monferrato Superiore
- Barbera d'Asti
- Dogliani
- Dolcetto di Ovada Superiore
- Dolcetto di Diano d'Alba
- Brachetto d'Acqui
- Ruchè di Castagnole Monferrato
- Gavi
- Erbaluce di Caluso
- Asti/Moscato d'Asti
- Alta Langa
259
What DOC covers the entire island of Sardegna?
Cannonau di Sardegna DOC
260
What are the important Barbaresco crus in the Neive commune?
- Neive-Serraboella
- Neive-Gallina
- Neive-Basarin
261
What style may be labeled Torgiano DOC?
- Varietal wines
- Rosso
- Bianco
- Spumante
262
What are Cannonau di Sardegna's three sub-zones?
- Oliena
- Jerzu
- Capo Ferrato
263
What is the major city of Alto-Adige?
Bolzano-Bozen
264
What are the important Barolo crus of the Monforte d'Alba commune?
- Monforte-Bussia
- Monforte-Ginestra
- Monforte-Santo Steffano
265
What is the premiere growing and historically important region for Schiava varietal wines in the Alto Adige?
Santa Maddelena (St. Magdelener)
266
What is required for Bardolino "Superiore"?
- 1 yr of aging
| - +1.0% of alcohol
267
What styles are permitted for Brachetto d'Acqui?
- dry or sweet
| - sparkling or still (increasingly rare)
268
Who released Franciacorta's first modern sparkling wine?
Guido Berlucchi in the 1960s
269
How long must Rosso di Montalcino DOC be aged?
1 yr (no wood required)
270
What is Sant'Antimo DOC and when was it created?
- 1996
- Provides Montalcino producers an outlet for "Super Tuscan" wines
- Any grape (white or red) authorized in Tuscany may be used
271
What province is Taurasi DOCG located?
Avellino, in the Irpinia area
272
When did Antinori release the first vintage of Tignanello?
1971
273
What two dessert wine DOCs from Zibibbo are on Sicily?
- Moscato di Nooto (exceedingly rare, 70 acres)
- Moscato di Siracusa (5 acres)
Located in southeastern Sicily
274
What clone of Sangiovese is permitted in Vino Nobile di Montepulciano? And what is the blend?
- Prugnolo Gentile
- min 70%
- max 30% other Tuscan varieties (max 5% white varieties)
275
Name a modern and traditional producer of Sagrantino di Montefalco DOCG.
Modern - Marco Caprai
| Traditional - Paolo Bea
276
What is the most important DOC of Molise?
Biferno DOC
- Rosso/rosato - Montepulciano & Agliancio blends
- Blends - Trebbiano
277
What is the name of the ancient Campanian wine and what was the main grape?
- Falernian
| - Aminean grape (thought to be Greco)
278
What province is Chianti Classico DOCG in?
Firenze & Siena
279
What is grown on Europe's highest vineyards on the slopes of Mont Blanc?
Blanc de Morgex et de la Salle
280
What grape dominates the north of Sardinia? South?
North - Vermentino
| South - Nuragus
281
When was Recioto di Gambellara promoted to DOCG?
2008
282
Where is the Roero DOCG located in correlation to Barolo & Barbaresco?
Opposite the Tanaro River, on the north side
283
When did the EU Common Market Organisation come online?
From 2008 to 2011, moving power from Rome to Brussels
284
Describe the wines of Colli Bolognesi Classico Pignoletto DOCG?
Tart, dry varietal wines produced from the Pignoletto in an area stretching southward from Bologna
285
Where are Ghemme & Gattinara located?
Northeast Piedmont, north of the Po River--straddling the Sesia River
286
How long must Verdicchio di Metalica Riserva DOCG and Castelli di Jesi Verdiicchio Riserva DOCG be aged? What % Verdicchio is required?
Both - min 18 mos
Both - min 85% Verdicchio
(both can be released normale as DOC)
287
What grapes dominate the Etna DOC?
Rosso - Nerello Mascalese
| Bianco - Carricante
288
When did the first IGTs appear?
- Introduced in 1992 w/the Goria's Law
| - The first IGTs didn't appear until 1994
289
Who is credited in Friuli for adopting the techniques from Germany & Austria in the 1960s?
Mario Schiopetto
290
How long must Taurasi DOCG be aged?
Normale - 3 yrs (1 yr in wood)
| Riserva - 4 yrs (18 mos in wood)
291
Name 2 modern Amarone producers utilizing new barriques to add spice and density to the wines.
- Dal Forno
| - Allegrini
292
What are the differences between Asti and Moscato d'Asti?
-Asti is fully sparkling, blended from vast vineyards across southern Piedmont
- Moscato d'Asti is rarer, more artisanal
- Max allowed pressure was raised from 1.7 to 2 atmospheres in 2011
- Frizzante rather than spumante
- Made from riper Moscato Bianco grapes
- ABV 4.5-6.5%
293
Where are Verdicchio di Metalica and Castelli di Jesi Verdicchio located respectively?
Metalica - high altitude, further inland
Castelli di Jesi - NE, on the adriatic coast, within the Conero DOCG zone
294
What is the grape and sole producer of Breganze Torcolato DOC of the Veneto?
- 100% Vespaiolo - local, acidic white
| - Fausto Maculan
295
What is the capital of Umbria?
Perugia
296
What are the sub-zones of Valtellina?
- Valgella
- Inferno
- Grumello
- Sassella
- Maroggia
297
Name 2 traditionalist Barbaresco producers.
- Bruno Giacosa
| - Produttori del Barbaresco
298
What are the 4 original villages delimited in the now Chianti Classico zone by Grand Duke Cosimo III de'Medici in 1716?
- Radda
- Gaiole
- Castellina
- Greve
299
What are the following requirements of Sforzato di Valtellina: Aging? Style? Min abv?
- Aged for 2 yrs (1 yr in wood)
- Dry in character
- min 14% abv
300
What and where is the Alcamo Bianco DOC?
- Sicily
| - Table wines from Cataratto
301
What is the governo process?
- Refermentation w/juice of dried grapes, to strengthen wine & initiate malolcatic fermentation -- legally permitted
- "Governo all'uso Toscano" must appera on the label
- Most quality-minded producers avoid it
302
What region ranks last amongst Italy's wine regions for production?
Valle d'Aosta
303
Where is Colli Orientali del Friuli DOC?
Friuli
304
What brand catapulted Lambrusco into the international spotlight in the 1970s?
Banfi's "Riunite" brand
305
Name 3 modernist Barolo producers.
- Paolo Scavino
- Luciano Sandrone
- Elio Altare
306
What is the capital of Marches?
Ancona
307
What Chianti territory overlaps the low-altitude Carmignano? In what provice?
- Chianti Montalbano
| - Prato
308
What unique process is used to make Amarone or Recioto?
Appassimento
309
What is the synonym for Nebbiolo in Valle d'Aosta?
Picotendro
310
What Valpolicella modernist is located in the eastern valley of Illasi?
Romano Dal Forno
311
Where is the Montello Rosso DOCG and what are the main grapes?
- Veneto
| - Bordeaux grapes (including Carmenère)
312
What are the white DOCGs of Campania?
- Greco di Tufo DOCG
| - Fiano di Avellino DOCG
313
When did Bolgheri receive DOC status? What color wines does it produce?
- 1994
| - Red, white, rosato
314
Where and what is the Sannio DOC?
- Campania
| - Dry and sweet passito wines from Falanghina
315
What portion of Carmignano must be Sangiovese? What else is required?
- min 50% Sangiovese
| - 10-20% combined Cab Franc or Cab Sauv
316
What are the DOCGs of the Marche?
- Vernaccia di Serrapetrona
- Conero Rosso Riserva
- Offida
- Castelli di Jesi Verdicchio Riserva
- Verdicchio di Metalica Riserva
317
What sub-appellations of Valle d'Aosta DOC are dominated by Picotendro?
- Donnas
| - Arnad-Montjovet
318
What is the main grape and the required minimum for Oltrepò Pavese Metodo Classico?
-Pinot Nero - min 70%
319
Where is the Orvieto DOC?
- Umbria & Lazio
| - Classico region is solely in Umbria
320
T or F -- Recioto was developed as an extension of Valpolicella
- False - it was modern Valpolicella's precursor and a historical specialty of the region
- Today, it represents a small subset of the appellations production
321
What grapes dominate the Bardolino Superiore DOCG?
Corvina and Rondinella
322
What is the sole component of Dolceacqua DOC?
Rossese, it is also known as Rossese di Dolceacqua
323
Where is Lagrein native to? Where does it also thrive?
- Trentino
| - Alto-Adige
324
Where is the Soave DOC?
Borders the eastern edge of Valpolicella
325
What percentage is required to label Oltrepò Pavese Metodo Classico w/ "Pinot Nero" or "Pinot Nero Rosé"?
min 85% Pinot Nero
326
Can Recioto di Soave be botrytized?
Yes, it is encouraged
327
What is Ormeasco?
A synonym for Dolcetto in Liguria
328
T or F -- Most Recioto di Soave is stainless steel fermented,
False - barrel fermentation is common
329
What is required to label Vermentino di Gallura DOCG "Superiore"?
Must show an additional 1.0% abv - min 13%
330
What respective areas may be labeled on Amarone and Recioto della Valpolicella?
- Classico
| - Valpantena
331
Where and what is Campi Flegrei DOC?
- Campania
| - Falanghina based wines
332
Where is the Santa Maddelena DOC and what is it for?
- Alto Adige
| - Schiava varietal wines
333
Where is the Teroldego Rotaliano DOC?
Trentino
334
Where is Traminer indigenous to?
Alto-Adige
335
What are the aging requirements for Valtellina Superiore DOCG? Riserva?
- 24 mos (12 mos in oak)
| - Riserva - 36 mos (12 mos in oak)
336
When was Albana di Romagna promoted to DOCG?
1987
337
What is Emilia-Romagna's second DOCG, awarded in 2011?
Colli Bolognesi Classico Pignoletto DOCG
338
What are the important Barbaresco crus in the Barbaresco commune?
- Barbaresco-Asili
- Barbaresco-Roncagliette
- Barbaresco-Martinenga
- Barbaresco-Rabajà
339
Where is Casteller DOC and what is it for?
- Trentino
| - Schiava blended with Merlot and Lambrusco grapes
340
What is Italy's 2nd most planted red grape?
- Montepulciano
| - Most planted grape in Abruzzo
341
What is Schiava?
- It is the Italian synonym for Trollinger
| - German speakers call it Vernatsch
342
What are the 3 100% Dolcetto DOCGs of Piedmont?
- Dogliani
- Dolcetto di Ovada Superiore (Ovada)
- Dolcetto Diano d'Alba (Diano d'Alba)
343
What is Picotendro?
A local synonym for Nebbiolo in Valle d'Aosta
344
Arrange these from North to South:
- Morellino di Scansano
- Carmignano
- Brunello di Montalcino
- Chianti Classico
- Vino Nobile di Montepulciano
- Carmignano
- Chianti Classico
- Vino Nobile di Montepulciano
- Brunello di Montalcino
- Morellino di Scansano
345
Describe the soil composition of the Monferrato and Langhe hills.
Thinner, calcareous marl and sandstone soils with varying percentages of clay and sand
346
What is Vernatsch?
It is the German synonym for Trollinger
| Italian speakers call it Schiava
347
Describe the wines of Vermentino di Gallura DOCG.
Aromatic, rich wines and may see oak, although fresher styles are more common
348
Name 2 modern Brunello producers.
- Casanova di Neri
| - Mastrojanni
349
Does Trentino-Alto Adige produce more red or white wine?
Red
350
What are the indigenous red grapes of Piedmont?
- Nebbiolo
- Barbera
- Dolcetto
- Brachetto
- Grignolino
- Ruchè
- Croatina
- Vespolina
- Freisa
351
What are Liguria best known wines?
- Cinque Terre DOC - light, Bosco based white wines
| - Despite advances in quality in other regions, these wines of Liguria are still the best known
352
What was the first still white wine to be promoted to DOCG in Piedmont?
Gavi
353
Which of the following may be spumante:
- Soave DOC
- Soave Supeiore DOCG
- Recioto di Soave DOCG
- Soave DOC
| - Recioto di Soave DOCG
354
What DOCs are located on the island of Pantelleria?
- Moscato di Pantelleria DOC
- Passito di Pantelleria DOC (superior)
(Near the African Coast)
355
What DOCG is located on the site of French Emperor Napoleon's exile in 1814?
- Elba Aleatico Passito DOCG
| - Isle of Elba
356
What style of wine is produced under the Elba Aleatico Passito DOCG?
- Promoted in 2011
| - Sweet, red passito
357
How do the wines of Vino Nobile compare to Chianti or Brunello?
- Tend to be less firm than Chianti
- Tend to be less aggressively tannic than Brunello
- Striking a softer balance
358
What wine may not be released until the Feast of St. Michael (Sept 29) of the third year following the harvest?
Carmignano DOCG
359
What was Italy's first DOC?
- Vernaccia di San Gimignano
| - 1966
360
What is the historical style of Sagrantino di Montefalco?
Passito
361
Where is Vesuvio DOC located?
- Campania
| - Blends based on Coda di Volpe and Verdeca
362
What is the DOCG in the hills of Monferrato based on the local Ruchè grape?
Ruchè di Castagnole Monferrato
| promoted in late 2010
363
What is the sub-zone of Colli Orientali del Friuli Picolit DOCG?
Cialla
364
What are the 2 common soil types in Chianti Classico?
Galestro - soft, friable, marl-like (Sangiovese thrives on this)
Alberese - sandstone
365
What is Südtirol?
The Austrian name for Alto-Adige. It means South Tyrol; Tyrol is the southern province of Austria.
366
What are the DOCGs of Latium?
- Cesanese del Piglio
- Frascati Superiore
- Cannellino di Frascati
367
Where is the Frascati Superiore DOCG and what is the principal grape?
- Lazio
| - Malvasia
368
What is the aging requirement for Colli Orientali del Friuli Picolit and Cialla DOCGs? Cialla Riserva?
1 yr (not released - Sept 1)
Cialla - 2 yrs (not released - Sept 1)
Cialla Riserva - min 4 yrs (not released until Nov 1)
369
What are the Barbera based DOCGs of Piedmont?
- Barbera d'Asti
- Barbera del Monferrato Superiore
- Both are east of the Langhe in the hills of Monferrato
370
What are the blend and aging requirements of Barbera d'Asti and Barbera del Monferrato Superiore?
Both min 85% Barbera
D'Asti - 4 months (no wood required)
Del Monferrato Superiore - 14 mos (6 mos in cask)
371
What is the uvaggio of Morellino di Scansano and how long is it aged for?
- min 85% Sangiovese (aka Morellino)
- Normale - March 1
- Riserva - 2 yrs in barrel
372
When was Italy's DOC system introduced?
1963
373
What may Franciacorta producers release their still wines as?
- Curtefranca DOC (Formerly Terre di Franciacorta)
| - Sebino IGT
374
What soils characterize Montalcino?
Galestro - higher altitude vineyards
Clay - warmer, southern reaches
375
What DOCG is shared between the Veneto and Friuli-Venezia-Griulia and what is the main grape?
- Lison DOCG
| - Tai (Friulano)
376
What DOC accounts for most of Abruzzo's white wines?
Trebbiano d'Abruzzo DOC
377
What is the sparkling classification of Valpolicella?
Recioto della Valpolicella DOCG
378
What type of wine does Lagrein produce?
Denser, spicer wines
379
What is Dolcetto known as in Liguria?
Ormeasco
380
What two DOCs are reminiscent of historical styles of Sardinia?
- Malvasia di Bosa DOC
| - Vernaccia di Oristano DOC
381
What historical DOC may even be fortified and produced in a style reminiscent of Spanish Sherry?
Vernaccia di Oristano DOC
382
What is the major contrast of the DOC to AOC system?
DOC's Generally require aging, AOC's never stipulate
383
What is the major city of the Veneto?
Venice
384
What is Piedmont's most planted red grape?
Barbera
385
What are fruttai?
Special lofts used to dry grapes before fermentation, effectively concentrating sugars and extract
386
What DOC surrounds the Conero Rosso Riserva DOCG?
- Rosso Piceno DOC
| - Lighter Sangiovese & Montepulciano Blends
387
How many subvarieties are there of Lambrusco?
Over 60
388
When can the wines of Carmignano DOCG be released?
The wine may not be released until the Feast of St. Michael (Sept 29) of the third year following the harvest
