Fortified Wines COPY Flashcards
Fortified Wines through out the world
France: VDN, Spain: Sherry, Malaga, Montilla Moriles, Condado de Huelva. Portugal: Port, Madeira, Setubal, Carcavelos, Pico. Italian: Marsala. Greece: specific PDO wines
Methods of fortification
Arresting fermentation w/ the addition of spirit (a la Port) creates a fortified wine w/ residual sugar. Adding spirit post fermentation (a la Sherry) creates a dry fortified wine, although sugar can also be added after fortification. Adding spirit to grape must prior to fermentation creates a mistelle or Vin de Liqueur rather than a fortified wine
French Vin de Liqueurs
Ratafia in Champagne, Pineau de Charantes in Cognac. Floc de Gascogne in Armagnac, Macvin de Jura in the Jura. Pommeau in Calvados
Macvin du Jura. Grapes, Producers
AOP for Vin de Liqueur in the Jura. Blanc: Chard &/or Savagnin. Rose/Rouge: PN, Poulsard &/or Trousseau. Henri Maire, Jean Bourdy, Berthet-Bondet
Floc de Gascogne. Grapes, Producers
AOP for VDL in Armagnac. Blanc: must be a blend, min 70% comb’d Colombard, Ugni Blanc, Gros Manseng. Rose: varietal or blend: CF, CS, Fer, Merl, Cot, max 50% Tannat. Laubade. Delord (Armagnac producers)
Pineau de Charentes
AOP for VDL in Cognac. Blanc: Ugni Blanc, Folle Blanche, Colombard. Rose/Rouge: CF, CS, Malbec, Merl. Chateau d’Orignac, Pierre Ferrand
Ratafia de Champagne
IGP for VDL in Champagne, new as of 2018
Pommeau
A VDL made in the Calvados region, in Normandy. Made by mixing apple juice w/ apple brandy
cadastro
Porto vineyard register
beneficio
the licensing of Port production granted to growers by the IVDP, dictates the maximum amount of wine that may be fortified in a given year—based on a matrix of twelve factors using a points system classification
IVDP
Instituto dos Vinhos do Douro e Porto, or Douro Port Wine Institute. a government run regulatory body that absorbed the powers of the Commissão Interprofessional da Região Demarcada do Douro in 2003, which in turn replaced the Casa do Douro in 1995. supervises the promotion, production, and trade of all Porto and Douro DOP wines. Both growers and shippers must submit to its authority. The IVDP requires Port houses to maintain compliance with the lei do terço. In addition, the IVDP guarantees label integrity and age designations, and samples all appellation wines for authenticity
The Casas do Douro
a syndicate of growers’ guilds established in 1932 that assumed control over the regulation of viticulture, lost many of its regulatory functions after it bought controlling shares in Royal Oporto, a port shipper and the surviving remnant of the Companhia Geral dos Vinhos do Alto Douro, the original oversight “company” established in the Douro in 1756
Companhia Geral dos Vinhos do Alto Douro
The original oversight company established when Douro was first demarcated in 1756.
lei do terco
“law of the third”, a decree enforced by the IVDP restricting sales of Port to one-third of a house’s total inventory annually
Beneficio Classification
Max 2031, hypothetical min -3129. Class A: >1200 Class B: 1001-1200, and so on every 200 points through Class I: minus 201-minus 400
Beneficio Classification Factors
- 7 for soils and climate: location (Cima corgo and part of Douro Superior +), altitude (up to 150 m +), exposure (south facing, site dependant +), bedrock (Schist soil +), rough matter (stony soils +), slope (higher inclination +) and shelter (more +). 5 for the vine: type of vine (recommended grapes +), planting density (min 3000 vines/ha for full pts), yield (max 55 hl/ha for full pts), training system (up to 0.8 m +, no pergolas), and vine age (older +, < 5yo not allowed)
Douro max Yields
Red: 55 hl/ha, White: 65 hl/ha
Socalcos
Stone terraces in Porto DOP, traditional vineyard layout
Patamares
Common Porto DOP vineyard layout, wide terraces with steep ramps, tractor friendly
Vinhos ao Alta
Newer Porto DOP vineyard layout in which the rows are panted vertically up and down the slope, achieves higher planting density
Porto preffered grapes and “top 5”
Touriga Nacional, Touriga Francesa, Tinta Roriz, Tinta Cão, Tinta Barroca
Dow’s SQVP
Quinta do Bomfim (Cima Corgo)
Warre’s SQVP
Quinta da Cavadinha (Cima Corgo)
Taylor Fladgate SQVP
Quinta de Vargellas (Douro Superior)
Quinta do Noval SQVP
Quinta do Noval is also the SQVP
Quinta do Vesuvio SQVP
Quinta do Vesuvio is the SQVP
Croft SQVP
Quinta do Roeda
Fonseca SQVP
Quinta do Panascal
Graham’s SQVP
Quinta dos Malvedos
Sandeman SQVP
Quinta do Seixo
lagares
Traditional Porto open granite troughs used for grape crushing by foot and fermentation. Still in use at some smaller quintas but not the norm
Porto production from harvest to fortification
Grapes are usually hand harvested and destemmed then crushed. Fermentation occurs over a quick 2-3 days over which the goal is to extract as much concentration and color as possible. When the wine reaches the desired residual sugar level, typically when 1/3 of the sugar has been converted to alcohol, the wine is fortified to 19-22% abv, tyoically achieved by adding aguardente at a 1:4 ratio
aguardenete
Neutral grape spirit, 77% abv, used for porto fortification
beneficio aka in french
mutage: the fortification of wine w/ spirit
Porto producers responsible for advocating rose and white Porto styles
Croft
“The Portuguese House”
Ferreria, still portuguese owned
Port pipe
Traditional vessel used for the aging and shipping of Port. Douro Valley: 550L, Vila Nova de Gaia: 650 L, Shipping: 534.24 L
Ruby Port
Often aged in bulk, in wood cement or SS 2-3 years before bottling. Not vintage dated
Ruby Reserve Port
aka Premium Ruby, has replaced the term Vintage Character
Vintage Port
Most expensive, 1-3% of production. Declared vintages ~3 yrs per decade, split vintages are rare for fear of flooding the market. Must be authorized by the IVDP. Must age in Cask until July 30, 3rd year after harvest. Typically require decanting.
Single Quinta Vintage Port
SQVP. A vintage port coming from a single vineyard. Usually released on undeclared years as often much of the fruit would be needed for the Vintage bottling in a declared year. Many smaller quintas release their own vintage wines as well
Late-Bottle Vintage Port
LBV. 4-6 years in cask before bottling, always a single vintage. Most are filtered, no decanting required. Typically won’t improve with age. Quality varies extremely, superior bottlings that will improve a bit w/ age exist
Ramos-Pinto SQVP
Quinta de Ervamoira
Envelhecido em Garrafa
LBV w/ additional 3 years of bottle age, often the higher quality LBV bottlings may be labeled thusly, are often unfiltered an attempt to approach the vintage style more than their lesser counterparts
Tawny Port
Many wines labeled as Tawny Port do not undergo the extensive cask aging that is critical to the style, but are simply paler wines—due to the provenance of grapes, a less-thorough extraction, or the addition of white Port to the blend. Lesser vineyards and vintages constitute these wines, which are a popular aperitif in France
Reserve Tawny
Min. 7 years cask aging, blended from several vintages, and retain some youthful freshness while gaining a hint of the creamy, delicate nature of a true old Tawny, will not improve w/ age
Tawny with indication of age
10, 20, 30, or 40 Years Old. Show a progressively more concentrated and developed character, reaching a pronounced oxidative, rancio state by forty years of age. high-quality fruit, and are matured in seasoned wood. Typically racked annually and topped up w/ spirit or wine, blended together before bottling
IVDP requirement for listing an indication of age
Not an actual measure of age, the wineshould “taste like” the years old it is labeled
Colheita Tawny
a vintage dated port that spends min 7 years in cask, many spend decades. Some producers will leave the Tawny in cask until ordered, thus causing bottle variation w/in a vintage
LBV vs Colheita Tawny
Both are vintage dated. LBV spends less time in cask, retaining more Ruby character, best bottlings may improve slightly in bottle. Colheita spends more time in cask, sometimes much more, exhibiting greater tawny expression, will not improve in bottle
Term for the round trip voyage through the tropics madeira traditionally went on
Torna Viagem
The stone terraces of Madeira
poios
Where can Madeira DOP wines be made
on the Islands of Madeira itself and Porto Santo
Madeira soils
Fertile volcanic
Madeira training system
latadas: a pergola system using low trellises, keeps vines off the ground so less suscpetible to rot and fungal disease in the subtropical climate
Madeira climate
subtropical, rainy, constant cloud cover
levadas
canals from the mountain tops in Madeira, making agriculture possible
The Madeira wine trade
Average vineyard holding is .3 ha, often separated among plots. Farmers sell fruit to one of 8 IVBIM authorized large production companies who make the wine and are based in Funchal, Madeira’s capital. The wine is then either marketed and sold by the production company or more often bottled and sold to shippers based in London under their own brand. Wine may also be sold to Partidistas who store until maturity and then sell at a profit
IVBIM
the Wine, Embroidery and Handicraft Institute of Madeira. regulates harvesting and production of Madeira
Madeira capital
Funchal
Largest Madeira production company
Vinhos Justino Henriques, responsible for 1/2 the countries exports
Madeira production companies
Vinhos Justino Henrqiues (largest, provides wines to Broadbent), Madeira Wine Company (2nd largest, brands Blandy’s and Cossart Gordon, Henriques & Henriques (largest independent, only firm w/ significant vineyard holdings), Vinhos Barbeito
Varietal labeling in Madeira
Tinta Negra (85% of production): formerly vilified, now recommended, may appear on labels as of 2015. Noble grapes: Sercial, Verdelho, Boal, Malmsey. min 85% for multi vintage, 100% for vintage dated
Sercial Madeira
aka Esgana Cao, piercingly acidic, harvested last w/ Verdelho, crushed off skins prior to fermentation. Driest style, 9-27 g/l RS. citrus in youth, complex almond w/ age, suitable as an apertif, good w/ light soups and consumes
Verdelho Madeira
aka Gouveio, harvested last w/ Sercial, crushed off skins prior to fermentation. medium dry, 27-45 g/l RS, high acid, with a smoky, honeyed character, slightly fuller bodied than Sercial