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Year 2 > The Ligaments Of The Foot > Flashcards

The Ligaments Of The Foot Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cutaneous innervation to the leg?

A

Saphenous nerve from femoral branch
Lateral sural cutaneous nerve, superficial fibular nerve and deep fibular nerve, a branch of the common fibular nerve
Medial sural cutaneous nerve, a branch of the tibial nerve.

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2
Q

What is the cutaneous innervation to the foot?

A

Medial plantar nerve and lateral plantar nerve, the terminal divisions of the tibial nerve.
Deep fibular nerve.

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3
Q

What is the sural nerve?

A

Joining of the common fibular nerve and tibial nerve

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4
Q

What is the flexor retinaculum of the foot?

A

Sheet of connective tissue from the medial malleolus of the fibula to the Calcaneous, forming the roof of the tarsal tunnel.

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5
Q

What is the plantar aponeurosis?

A

Connective tissue sheath which covers the sole of the foot, from the calcaneus to the metatarsals.

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6
Q

What is the ankle joint?

A

Talocrural joint, formed of the articulation between the talus and the tibia and fibula. These are connected via the anterior and posterior talofibular ligaments that limit the talus movements.

It allows dorsiflexion and plantarflexion.

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7
Q

What is the calcaenus?

A

Heel bone of the foot which contains a bony protuberance called the sustentaculum talis that receives the Spring igament nd deltoid ligament. The calcaenus has attachment posteriorly from the Achilles tendon, formed of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscle.

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8
Q

Which joint in the foot allows for plantar flexion and Doris flexion?

A

Tibiotalar joint.

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9
Q

Which joint in the foot allows for inversion and eversion?

A

Subtalar joint between the talus and the calcaenus below.

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10
Q

What are the tarsals of the foot?

A

Talus
Calcaenus
Medial cuneiform
Intermediate cuneiform
Lateral cuneiform
Cuboid
Navicular

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11
Q

What is the role of the superior extensor retinaculum?

A

Located between the fibula and tibia which holds the extensor tendons in position of digitorum longus, hallucis longus, peroneus tertius and tibialis anterior.

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12
Q

What is the role of the inferior extensor retinaculum?

A

Y shaped connective tissue which holds the extensor tendons in position of extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, peroneus tertius and tibialis anterior.

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13
Q

What is the tarsal tunnel?

A

Runs from the medial malleolus to the calcaneous tuberosity. Contains:

Tom: tibialis posterior
Dick: flexor Digitorum longus
And: posterior tibial Artery, tibial Nerve
Harry: flexor Hallucis longus

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14
Q

What does the popliteal artery give rise to?

A

Anterior tibial artery which passes through spaces in the interosseus membrane between the tibia and fibula to move anteriorly and -> dorsalis pedis artery.
Posterior tibial artery -> Fibular artery

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15
Q

What is the role of the anterior talofibular ligament?

A

Limits anterior translation of the talus during plantar flexion and prevents inversion of foot during plantar flexion.
From lateral malleolus to talus. It is the most commonly injured

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16
Q

What is the role of the posterior talofibular ligament?

A

One of the strongest ankle ligaments which limits posterior translation of the foot on the tibia and prevents rotatory subluxation and eversion along with deltoid.

From malleolar fossa of fibula to talus

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17
Q

What is the role of the calcaneofibular ligament?

A

Limits inversion of ankle in dorsiflexion.
From lateral malleolus to the calcaneus

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18
Q

What actions are involved in ankle supination?

A

Inversion, dorsiflexion and adduction.

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19
Q

What actions are involved in ankle pronation?

A

Eversion, plantarflexion and abduction.

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20
Q

What is the spring ligament?

A

Ligament from calcaenus to navicular bone, involved in supporting talus by distributing weight and maintaining longitudinal arch of foot.

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21
Q

What supports the longitudinal arch of the foot?

A

Spring ligament
Short and long Plantar ligament
Plantar aponeurosis

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22
Q

What is the malleolar mortise?

A

Socket between the lateral malleolus and medial malleolus of the tibia and fibula. Here, the trochlea of talus is found where the talocrural joint is fixed.

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23
Q

What is the strongest ankle ligament?

A

Deltoid ligament.

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24
Q

How does ankle plantarflexion occur?

A

Muscles of posterior leg compartment such as gastrocnemius, soleus and plantaris, innervated by the tibial nerve
Muscles from lateral leg compartment such as the fibularis longus and fibularis brevis, innervated by the superficial fibular nerve.

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25
Q

How does ankle dorsiflexion occur?

A

Anterior leg compartment muscles such as tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, fibularis tertius and extensor hallucis longus on the talocrural joint

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26
Q

What is the subtalar joint?

A

Synovial joint in the foot between the talus and calcaneus and navicular bone for inversion and eversion of the foot.

It receives support from the spring ligament and the calcaneus and navicular bone.

27
Q

What is the transverse Talar joint?

A

Formed of two smaller joints of the talonavicular joint and the calcaneocuboidal joint.

28
Q

What is the plantar ligament?

A

Short plantar ligament: calcaneus to cuboid
Long plantar ligament: calcaneus to base of metatarsal
->important for maintaining the longitudinal arch of the foot.

29
Q

What is the deltoid ligament?

A

Fan shaped individual ligaments from the medial malleolus of tibia to the calcaneus, navicular and talus TO SUPPORT eversion of ankle. When this is damaged, results in a trimalleolar fracture.

30
Q

LWhat are the ligaments of the deltoid?

A

Anterior and posterior tibiotalar ligament
Tibiocalcaneus ligaments
Tibionavicular ligament

31
Q

What is the talocrural joint?

A

Hinge joint located between the talus and the tibia and fibula. It is most stable when the ankle is in dorsiflexion, because the talus is tight and close in the mortis. In plantarflexion such as wearing high heels, the talocrural joint is most weak and prone to ankle injury.
This joint is important for keeping the tibia and fibula united.

32
Q

What are the fibulocollateral ligaments?

A

Ligaments which connect ankle to fibula
Anterior talofibular ligament: prevents inversion and most commonly injured
Posterior talofibular ligament: prevents eversion and rotatory subluxation
Calcaneofibular ligament: prevents inversion

33
Q

What is the effect of a varus force on the ankle?

A

Tearing of the anterior talofibular ligament which is responsible for limiting inversion.

34
Q

What is the effect of a valgus force on the ankle?

A

Tearing of the posterior talofibular ligament and
Fracture of the medial malleolus and the lateral malleolus of tibia and posterior aspect of tibia called the trimalleolar fracture

35
Q

What is the effect of an eversion injury on the ankle?

A

Tearing of the deltoid ligament
Posterior talofibular ligament

36
Q

What is the effect of an inversion injury on the ankle?

A

Injury to the calcaneofibular ligament and anterior talofibular ligament.

37
Q

What is pes cavus?

A

Exaggerated medial longitudinal foot arch

38
Q

What is pes planus?

A

Loss of medial longitudinal foot arch

39
Q

Which bones contribute to the medial longitudinal arch?

A

This absorbs the majority of weight in heel strike during gait, consisting of the calcaneus, medial cuneiform and hallux. Calcaneonavicular ligament provides support.

40
Q

Which bones contribute to the lateral longitudinal arch?

A

This provides lesser weight absorption in heel strike, consists of the calcaneus, cuboidal tarsal bone and 5th metatarsal.

41
Q

Which muscles provide support to the longitudinal arch?

A

Fibularis longus, flexor digitorum longus
Intrinsic foot muscles

42
Q

What are the superficial veins of the leg?

A

Great saphenous veins and lesser saphenous veins which travel through the superficial fascia of the leg and join in the foot dorsum to form the dorsum venous arch.

43
Q

Which ligament in the ankle is most prone to injury, especially when the ankle rolls inwards?

A

Anterior talofibular ligament
-> part of the fibulocollateral ligaments and is the weakest. Responsibility is to limit inversion and plantar flexion.

44
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the foot?

A

Entirely contained within the foot for movement of the toes only and stabilise arch.

45
Q

What are examples of intrinsic foot muscles?

A

Abductor digiti minimi
Flexor hallucis brevis
Flexor hallcuis longus
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis longus

46
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the foot?

A

Originate from the leg to act for movement of the foot via dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, inversion and eversion of ankle.

47
Q

What are examples of the extrinsic foot muscles?

A

Muscles from the anterior, posterior and lateral leg compartments eg.
Tibialis anterior
Fibularis longus
Fibularis brevis

48
Q

What is the role of the plantar interosseus muscles of foot?

A

Adduction of toes- this interosseus muscle makes up a majority of the interosseous muscle excluding between the hallux and 2nd phalange.

49
Q

What is the role of the dorsal interosseus muscles of foot?

A

Abduction of the toes located between the hallux and the 2nd phalange only..

50
Q

Which muscles are present in the most superficial layer of foot plantar aspect?

A

Abductor digiti minimi
Abductor hallucis
Flexor digitorum brevis

51
Q

Which muscles are present in the 2nd layer of foot plantar aspect?

A

Quadratus plantae
Lumbricles

(Extrinsic muscles flexor digitorum longus and flexor hallucis longus are present.)

52
Q

Which muscles are present in the 3rd layer of foot plantar aspect?

A

Adductor hallucis (oblique and transverse head)
Flexor digiti minimi
Flexor hallucis brevis

53
Q

Which muscles are present in the 4th layer of foot plantar aspect?

A

Plantar and dorsal interosseus muscles

54
Q

What is the innervation to majority of intrinsic for muscles?

A

Lateral plantar nerve, a branch of tibial nerve.

55
Q

Which intrinsic foot muscles are innervated by the medial plantar nerves?

A

Flexor digitorum brevis
Abductor hallucis brevis
Flexor hallucis brevis
Lumbricles on medial side

** They all lie close to the medial plantar nerve near the big toe.**

56
Q

Which part of the foot is injured when jumping from a great height?

A

Calcaneus

57
Q

Which part of the foot are the extensor muscles located?

A

Dorsum of the foot
Extensor digitorum brevis and extensor hallucis brevis

58
Q

Where does the dorsalis pedis artery run?

A

Between extensor hallucis longus and the extensor digitorum longus.

59
Q

Which knee position is the anterior cruciate ligament most taut?

A

Extension of knee.

60
Q

What is the role of the tibial nerve in the foot?

A

Plantarflexion and flexion of toes.

61
Q

Injury to the tibial nerve in the popliteal fossa…

A

Loss of plantarflexion and innervation to posterior leg compartment and majority of foot muscles innervation.

62
Q

Injury to the common fibular nerve?

A

Results in foot drop and:
Loss of dorsiflexion of foot and Extension of toes

63
Q

How are nerves affected in disc herniation?

A

Impacts the nerves below the herniation.

64
Q

What is the role of the tibiotalar joint?

A

Located between the tibia and talus for dorsiflexion.

Year 2 (247 decks)

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