Epidemiology of cancer Flashcards
What is incidence?
Rate at which new cancer cases occur during a specified time period, reported as number of cases.
What affects cancer incidence?
Population age distribution
Differences in aetiology due to exposure differences
Healthcare factors like screening and reporting mechanisms.
How is cancer outcome measured?
Mortality rate
Number of deaths
Survival rate.
What is mortality rates?
Ratio of deaths caused by the health event over a period of time.
Common demographic of cancer in UK adults?
1) Breast
2) Prostate
3)Lung
4) Colorectal
Which populations are more likely to have cncer in UK?
White women> Asian and Black women
White and Black men > Asian men
Common demographic of cancer worldwide?
1) Lung
2)Breast
3) Colorectal
4) Prostate
Where is the site where most common cancers affect children?
Childhood cancer is cancer below 14 years old which are most likely responsive to therapies.
1) Leukemia
2) Brain and CNS tumour
3) Lymphoma
Commonly occurs in bone marrow.
What factors are associated with cancer causation?
Infection
Lifestyle factors like diet, obesity, alcohol and smoking
Genetics
Environmental via air pollution, radiation and occupation
How do lifestyle changes affect incidence and mortality of cancer?
Prevention through reducing smoking and healthier diet
Screening
Disease management
What are the cancers with the highest net survival in men?
Malignant melanoma
Prostate
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Bowel cancer
What are the cancers with the highest 10-year survival rate in women?
Malignant melanoma
Breast,
Uterus
Non-Hodkin’s lymphoma
Bowel
What increases the risk of breast cancer?
Obesity after menopause
Alcohol
What increases the risk of endometrial cancer?
Obesity and sedentary lifestyle
Low parity
How are survival rates measured in cancer?
Overall survival, with death as an end-point
Event-free survival, where relapse is the end-point
Net-survival, where survival rate is compared to a cancer-free population
