Global determinants of disease Flashcards
What are the highest causes of death of non-communicable disease?
Cardiovascular disease such as ischaemic heart disease
Diabetes
Chronic respiratory diseases
Cancer
What are the highest causes of death of communicable disease?
Diarrhoea, HIV and AIDS, malaria.
What is burden of disease?
Sum of mortality and morbidity
How can burden of disease be measured?
DALY= Disability adjusted life years, which is a measure of lost health.
This is a metric for the comparison of disease burden between different populations due to premature disease, disability or death.
How do health changes occur in a population as it develops?
—>Industrialisation
—>Rising incomes
—>Birth control
These reduce mortality by infectious disease and fertility. This leads to an aging population where there are more prominent chronic non-communicable diseases.
What are the common chronic non-communicable diseases?
Diabetes
Cardiovascular disease
Cancer
Chronic respiratory diseases
How has mortality for cardiovascular disease changed?
Increased over time despite medication for CVD being highly cost-effective. This is due to an aging and growing population
What are the risk factors for cardiovascular disease?
High BP
Air pollution
Tobacco
Elevated LDL cholesterol
Why are epidemics increasing?
Greater travel
Increased urbanisation in developing countries
Increased human-zoonoses contact
Climate change
Weak health systems
Migration of people with disease
How are health systems affected by diseases?
Restricted treatment access where health centres become quarantine zones for acute diseases.
How does the environment affect global health?
Climate change causes flooding and the spread of disease-borne viruses, longer warm seasons reduces food production causing hunger and famine. There is an increase in the spread vector-borne viruses such as malaria and pollution and pollen triggering allergies.
Increased health access has led to increased antibiotic resistance and related mortalities however there are inequities in this related to health expenditure.
How can global epidemics be controlled?
Effective disease surveillance system
Infection control
Preventing contact between infected host and susceptible groups via quarantine or health education
Inducing artificial immunity via vaccination
What is the an important organisation for public health?
WHO provides leaderships on matters critical to global health and partnerships for joint action. They monitor health trends and shape the research agenda as well as setting the norms and standards for health implementation.
What are the causes of epidemics?
—>Water supply
—> Sanitation facilities
—> Food quality
—> Air quality
—> Climate due to the distribution of vectors
How are epidemics controlled/managed?
Reinforcing sanitation and hygeine, especially of the water systems and sanitation facilities
Encouraging immunisation, especially of susceptible groups
Isolation of infected people
Public Health messages for education
