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Year 2 > Quesmed Bones, and Arthritis > Flashcards

Quesmed Bones, and Arthritis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the progenitor to osteoclasts?

A

Monocytes.

Osteoclasts derive from the monocytic lineage.

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1
Q

How is blood supplied to osteocytes?

A

Bone contains Haversian canals, for blood vessels and nerve fibres to travel through and provides nutrients to osteocytes. This is found only in cortical bone, which has a low SA to volume ratio.

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2
Q
A
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2
Q

What is trabecular bone?

A

Spongy bone which is found in the metaphysis and has a high turnover rate, and is responsible for shock absorption.

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3
Q
A
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3
Q

What is cortical bone?

A

Found in the epiphysis and makes up the major type of bone in the body. It is found in epiphysis and diaphysis and contains Volkmann’s and Haversian canals.

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4
Q

How does bone resorption change with age?

A

Increases

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5
Q

What is the origin of osteoclasts?

A

Monocytes, for haematopoietic stem cells.

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6
Q

What is the origin of osteoblasts?

A

Multi potent mesenchymal stem cells. These give rise to myoblasts, fibroblasts and adipocytes and chondroblasts.

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7
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Osteoblasts imbedded in bone

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8
Q

What is a risk with a vascular necrosis?

A

Subchondral bone collapse

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9
Q

What are causes of avascular necrosis?

A

Steroid therapy
Intravascular coagulation
Trauma

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10
Q

What is responsible for transport of calcium?

A

Calcitriol, (1,25 dehydroxycholecalciferol) formed in the kidney to increase reabsorption and transport calcium in the GI tract via calbudins.

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11
Q

What allows bone to resist compression?

A

Proteoglycan aggregates

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12
Q

What is the role of ALP in bone?

A

Alkaline phosphatase is produced by active osteoblasts for mineralisation of bone. It is a bio marker of bone turnover.

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13
Q

What is the role of Chondrocytes?

A

Formed from chrondroblasts becoming trapped in the ECM, from

Responsible for repairing the extracellular matrix and moving nutrients into cartilage.

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14
Q

What produces ECM of the cartilage?

A

Chondroblasts, which arise from mesenchymal stem cells.

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15
Q

Where are osteoclasts found in bone?

A

Howship’s lacunae. When remodelling, they bind to integrin receptors.

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16
Q

What type of bone forms during initial healing?

A

Woven bone in trabecular bone, from a callus through the process of ossification.

17
Q

What is woven bone converted into?

A

Lamellar bone.

18
Q

What promotes osteoclast activity?

A

M-CSF
RANK-L

19
Q

What are the protective factors against osteoporosis?

A

High BMI
Exercise

20
Q

Which type of bone is at greatest risk in osteoporosis?

A

Vertebral bone has a high trabecular content, so Cana lead to vertebral crush fracture.

21
Q

How does DEXA scan indicate osteoporosis?

A

Value less than -2.5

22
Q

What condition is caused by collagen mutation?

A

Osteogenesis imperfecta, due to a mutation of type 1 collagen.

23
Q

What is osteomalacia?

A

Defective mineralisation of osteoid that leads to deposition of unmineralised osteoid after epiphyseal closure.

This occurs due to vitamin deficiency of calcium phosphate or vitamin D.

24
Q

What reduces risk of osteomalacia?

A

Low body fat percentage
—> High body fat means that there is going to lbe more storage of Vitamin D by adipose tissue

25
Q

What are the risk factors for osteomalacia?

A

Vitamin D deficiency due to:

Pregnancy
Vegan diet
Crohn’s disease
Darker skin

26
Q

What is rickets caused by?

A

Soft weak bones in children due to vitamin D deficiency.

27
Q

What is Colle’s fracture?

A

Damage to distal radius due to FOOSH

28
Q

What is the order of bone healing?

A

Inflammation
Soft callus
Hard callus
Remodelling

29
Q

What does HRT increase the risk of?

A

Endometrial and breast cancer

30
Q

What does parathyroid hormone increase?

A

Calcium levels through osteoclast activity and increased calcium reabsorption
Reduces phosphate levels, through reducing phosphate reabsorption

31
Q

What substance causes a decrease in calcium levels?

A

Rising phosphate,because it binds to calcium.

32
Q

What is pseudohyperparathyroidism?

A

High levels of PTH and phosphate, but low calcium

33
Q

What are the precursors to SKELETAL muscle cells?

A

Satellite cells

34
Q

What cell gives rise to smooth muscle?

A

Mesoderm and neural crest cells

35
Q

What is Graves’ disease?

A
36
Q

What is Paget’s disease?

A

Disregulation of bone formation which is high, but low structural integrity.

Greater risk with RSV infection and elderly males.

37
Q

What are the features of skeletal muscle?

A

Unstriated and unbranched

38
Q

What are the features of cardiac muscle?

A

Striated muscle with Intercalated discs and with gap junctions and a single nuclei

39
Q

What are the features of smooth muscle?

A

Uninucleated unstriated muscle

40
Q

What regulates calcium-dependent contraction in smooth muscle?

A

Calmodulin

41
Q

What is the role of troponin?

A

Regulates calcium-dependent contraction in CARDIAC and SKELETAL muscle

42
Q

What is the effect of vitamin D on vitamin levels?

A

Increases absorption of calcium AND phosphate

43
Q

What hormone is released when calcium is low?

A

Parafollicular cells of THYROID gland release calcitonin.

It increases excretion of calcium AND phosphate.

44
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

Between Z lines

Year 2 (247 decks)

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