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Year 2 > General pathology of cancer > Flashcards

General pathology of cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What is cancer?

A

Disease of the genome for cell replication due to inhibition of the tumour repressor gene or increased activity of the oncogene

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2
Q

What is clonality?

A

Cell being derived from a source

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3
Q

What is an oncogene?

A

Mutated which causes a cell to become -> tumour cell.

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4
Q

What is a tumour?

A

Abnormal mass of cells in the body, which produce markers that can be detected.

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5
Q

What is the mechanism of oncogenesis?

A

Mutation, gene amplification and chromosomal rearrangement

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6
Q

What is SBS?

A

Single base substitutions in cancer

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7
Q

Which factors contribute to oncogenesis?

A

UV light, tobacco smoke/chewing

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8
Q

What type of tissue is the most common origin of adult cancers?

A

Epithelial tissue

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9
Q

What is paraneoplastic syndrome?

A

Signs and symptoms caused by the presence of cancer in the body outside of the tumour region. This may cause production of ectopic hormones and induce inflammation. Cachexia is a common type

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10
Q

What is an ectopic hormone?

A

Hormones produced in tissues that does not normally occur at this site due to tumour

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11
Q

What is cachexia?

A

A type of paraneoplastic syndrome with muscle and fat loss due inflammatory cytokine driving utilisation of protein from muscle stores in the body

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12
Q

How does paraneoplastic syndrome manifest?

A

Skin rashes
Abnormal blood count, thrombosis
Cushing’s syndrome, calcium deficiency, carcinoid syndrome
Fluid retention
Any neurological abnormality

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13
Q

What is carcinoid syndrome?

A

Tumour of the neuroendocrine cells which produce bradykinin and serotonin. It typically metastasises to the liver and causes liver dysfunction.

Serotonin will cause lung bronchoconstriction and affects R side of heart for pulmonary regurgitation.
Bradykinin will cause vasodilation and flushed skin.

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14
Q

Where do carcinoid tumours occur?

A

Liver
Small and large intestine
Pancreas
Stomach

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15
Q

How does cancer present?

A

Organ failure, thrombosis, organ compression, cons

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16
Q

How is cancer treated?

A

Radiotherapy, surgery cytotoxic chemotherapy.
Immune therapies such as checkpoint inhibitors, chimeric T cell receptors, ex vivo T cell expansion, antibody therapy

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17
Q

What is a chimeric T cell?

A

T cell taken from the patient and undergoes genetic engineering to express chimeric receptors that specifically recognise cancer cells.

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18
Q

How is cancer classified?

A

Organ of origin
Tissue of origin
Benign vs malignant
Degree of differentiation
Genomic/biomarker featurees

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19
Q

What are the features of a benign tumour?

A

They have an intact basement membrane and well differentiated so they resemble tissue origin. They have a fibrous connective tissue capsule with clear borders and do not metasases

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20
Q

What are the features of a malignant tumour?

A

The basement membrane is breached, may be poorly/no differentiation with little resemblance to origin tissue, no clear borders and may metasases

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21
Q

What is an adenoma?

A

A type of benign tumour of the epithelial tissue with glandular origin. These aren’t always harmless, such as pituitary adenoma that cause hormone imbalances.

22
Q

What is a polyp?

A

Benign tumour which projects from the mucous membrane and may have malignant potential

23
Q

What is a carcinoma?

A

Malignant tumour from the epithelial tissue, identified by the nature of the cells it contains because of little resemblance to origin tissue

24
Q

What is anaplasia?

A

Loss/ no differentiation of tissues

25
Q

How are brain tumours classified?

A

All are malignant tumours.

26
Q

What is Rhabdomyoma?

A

Benign Skeletal muscle tumour

27
Q

What is Rhabdomyosarcoma?

A

Malignant skeletal muscle tumour

28
Q

What is Leimyosarcoma?

A

Smooth muscle malignant tumour

29
Q

What is a terotoma?

A

Embryological tumour origin from pluripotent germline cells that occur in the gonads like the testes or ovaries. They involve all 3 of the embryological layers, and can differentiate to form skin, hair and teeth.

30
Q

What are the features of teratomas?

A

In the ovaries, they are typically benign. In the testes, they are malignant.

31
Q

What is a synovial sarcoma?

A

Malignant tumour of connective tissue

32
Q

What is a hamartoma?

A

Neither a benign or malignant tumour. It is a non-neoplastic growth of disorganised tissue in its native site and uncapsulated, involving 1 or all 3 embryological layers.

They have the potential to undergo malignant transformation.

33
Q

What is differentiation?

A

Relationship to normal tissue architecture and graded based on this.

34
Q

What is poor differentiation?

A

Little resemblance to origin tissue and is typically an aggressive cancer.

35
Q

What is acute in terms of cancer?

A

Large cells

36
Q

What is chronic in terms of cancer?

A

Small cell

37
Q

What is leukemia?

A

Cancer of the WBC which begins in the bone marrow

38
Q

What is lymphoma?

A

Cancer of the lymphatic system

39
Q

What is grade?

A

Degree of differentiation

40
Q

What is a cancer stage?

A

Amount of spread around the body

41
Q

What is a primary tumour?

A

Tumour growing at the anatomical site where it began

42
Q

What is used to characterise cancer severity?

A

The TNM system

43
Q

What is T in the TNM system?

A

Size of tumour from 0-4

44
Q

What is N in the TNM system?

A

Lymph node involvement, number and location of tumour from 0-3

45
Q

What is M in the TNM system?

A

Metasasis, present or absent from 0-1.

46
Q

What is variable penetrance?

A

Proportion of individuals carrying a genetic variant

47
Q

What are the mutated genes in breast cancer?

A

BRCA1 and BRAC2 in triple negative breast cancer
ERBB2 in HER-2 positive breast cancer

48
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Loss of normal cell architecture with abnormal growth and maturation of tissue. This can become malignant

49
Q

What is neoplasia?

A

Abnormal mass of tissues with disordered cell growth where cells are undifferentiated.

50
Q

What is tumour progression?

A

Normal tissue -> dysplasia -> adenoma -> carcinoma -> in-situ -> local spread -> distant spread with increasing genomic damage

Year 2 (247 decks)

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