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Year 2 > Quesmed Respiratory High Yield > Flashcards

Quesmed Respiratory High Yield Flashcards

1
Q

Where are central chemoreceptors located?

A

Ventral medulla, respond to changes in pCO2.

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2
Q

Where is the Inspiratory respiratory centre?

A

Dorsal respiratory group, located in the reticular formation.

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3
Q

Where is the expiratory respiratory centre?

A

Ventral respiratory group, located in the reticular formation.

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4
Q

Which information does the vagus nerve transmit to the brain?

A

Peripheral chemoreceptors input from aortic sinus
Mechanoreceptors

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5
Q

Which information does the glossopharyngeal nerve transmit to the brain?

A

Peripheral chemoreceptors from the glossopharyngeal nerve.

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6
Q

How do obstructive lung diseases appear on spirometry?

A

Elevated expiratory reserve volume

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7
Q

How does type 2 respiratory failure present?

A

Warm extremities and flapping tremor..

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8
Q

How does anaemia affect chemoreceptors?

A

No change because haemoglobin has reduced carrying capacity of O2, but pO2 stays the same.

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9
Q

How to calculate alveolar ventilation in one minute?

A

(Tidal volume - dead space) x respiratory rate

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10
Q

What is the peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid sinus?

A

Located in bifurcation of common carotid artery, and signal via CN IX to the dorsal respiratory group in medulla for changes in ph and CO2.

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11
Q

What is the peripheral chemoreceptors in the aorta?

A

Found on aortic arch and signal down CN X to the dorsal respiratory group in medulla.

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12
Q

What are peripheral chemoreceptors sensitive to

A

CO2

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13
Q

What are the layers of diffusion of oxygen from air into blood

A

Surfactant layer, alveolar epithelium, interstitial space, capillary endothelium, capillary blood, red blood cell membrane

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14
Q

What is Inspiratory capacity?

A

volume of air that can be inhaled after a quiet inhalation

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15
Q

What is the stimulus to central chemoreceptors?

A

C02 from H+ ions, in the CSF.

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16
Q

What is a cause of Type 1 respiratory failure?

A

Ventilation is not compromised but less gas exchange occurs:

Lobar pneumonia
V/Q mismatch with pulmonary oedema, embolism, COPD, fibrosis, respiratory distress.

17
Q

Which part of the respiratory system is lined with simple squamous epithelia?

A

Alveoli

18
Q

What is the epithelial of bronchioles?

A

Simple columnar and simple cuboidal.

19
Q

How does V/Q ratio affect the blood gases at the lung abse?

A

In low V/Q ratio, perfusion is better than ventilation, resulting in some blood leaving the alveoli without undergoing gaseous exchange. Gaseous exchange is less efficient, so PO2 is lower and PCO2 is higher

20
Q

What is physiological dead space?

A

Anatomical and functional dead space.

21
Q

Which part of the brain is responsible for rhythm of respiration?

A

Dorsal respiratory group

22
Q

Which part of the brain is responsible for rate of respiration?

A

Respiratory centre in medulla.

23
Q

Which muscles are used in forced expiration?

A

Internal intercostal and rectus administration and internal obliques.

24
Q

What is the response of the kidneys to respiratory alkalosis?

A

Excretion of HCO3- in exchange for H+, causing a fall in bicarbonate.

25
Q

Which bronchioles have the lowest airway resistance?

A

Terminal bronchioles

26
Q

Which bronchioles have greatest airway resistance?

A

Secondary

27
Q

Which condition makes expiration difficult?

A

Emphysema. There is INCREASED lung compliance that results in hyper expansion and a barrel chest.

28
Q

What type of lung test can spirometry not DIRECTLY measure?

A

Residual volume

29
Q

What is minute ventilation?

A

Tidal volume x respiratory rate

30
Q

How does resistance affect radius?

A

Radius to the power of 4
Doubling radius would increase resistance by 16

31
Q

What does bronchial breathing indicate?

A

Pneumonia due to consolidation

32
Q

Which type of pneumonia affects the lung parenchyma?

A

Bronchial pneumonia, with patchy shadowing on X ray

33
Q

Which anti-arrythmia worsens heart failure?

A

Verapamil

34
Q

What are ACE inhibitors used as a prophylaxis for?

A

Ischaemic heart disease

They cause first dose hypotension

35
Q

What are biomarkers for active thrombosis?

A

D-dimers

Year 2 (247 decks)

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