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Year 2 > B15 > Flashcards

B15 Flashcards

1
Q

What is achalasia?

A

Failure of smooth muscle of lower oesophageal sphincter to contract which results in reduced peristalsis in response to food bolus

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2
Q

What is the control of the internal anal sphincter?

A

Parasympathetic system

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3
Q

What is the control of the external anal sphincter?

A

Somatic system

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4
Q

Which cranial nerves innervate saliva?

A

Facial and glossopharyngeal

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5
Q

What is the role of somatostatin?

A

Released by delta cells to Inhibits pancreatic secretions.
OPPOSES CHOLECYSTOKININ AND SECRETIN

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6
Q

How does cystic fibrosis affect pancreatic exocrine secretion?

A

Low Cl- secretion so there is lower exchange with HCO3-.

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7
Q

Which cells are responsible for reducing the acidity of the small intestine?

A

S cells which produce secretin in response to low small intestine pH. Secretin will stimulate bicarbonate secretion from pancreas.

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8
Q

How does gastrin affect bile acid secretion?

A

Indirectly increases it, due to greater HCL stimulating duodenal cells to increase pancreatic secretions.

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9
Q

Which branch of the nervous system increases bile acid secretion?

A

Parasymapthetic

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10
Q

What is the effect of sympathetic nervous system on bile acid secretion?

A

Decreased

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11
Q

What is the consequence of reduced bile acid absorption in terminal ileum?

A

High amounts of bile acid will enter the large intestine and stimulate water loss from lumen, causing diarrhoea.

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12
Q

What cause of jaundice results in increase in unconjugated bilirubin?

A

Gilbert syndrome

—> Hepatitis will not affect due to

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13
Q

What causes rise in conjugated bilirubin?

A

Hepatitis
Liver cirrhosis
Gall bladder or pancreatic pathology

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14
Q

What are the features of post-hepatic jaundice?

A

Dark urine and pale stools due to cholestasis, where there is obstruction of bile flow. This can occur due to pancreatic cancer blocking the common bile duct

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15
Q

Which pancreatic enzymes don’t cause auto digestion?

A

Lipase and amylase, because they do not require activation after leaving the pancreas.

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16
Q

What is lipase released with?

A

Co-lipase which reduces the inhibitory effect of bile salts.

17
Q

Which pancreatic enzymes cause auto digestion?

A

Proteases, therefore they are secreted as inactive zymogens.

18
Q

What determines bile acid production in the liver?

A

The amount of intestinal reabsorption of bile acids in the liver, higher reabsorption will reduce production

19
Q

What inhibits pancreatic secretion?

A

Somatostatin.

20
Q

What is the neural stimulation for pancreatic secretion?

A

Stretching of the stomach

21
Q

What stimulates emptying of the gallbladder?

A

Cholecystokinin- this is induced by fat entering the duodenum.

22
Q

What is the main protease?

A

Trypsin, which is activated by enterkinase/enteropeptidase.

Enterokinase is produced in the duodenum

23
Q

What does high foecal calprotectin mean?

A

IBD, either inflammatory bowel disease or ulcerative colitis.

24
Q

What does high alpha-feto protein mean?

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma and foetal distress

25
Q

What stimulates release of bicarbonate from the pancreas?

A

Secretin

26
Q

Which antiarrythmic causes jaundice?

A

Amiodarone.

27
Q

Which receptors mediate pancreatic secretion?

A

Muscarinic receptors M1 and M3

28
Q

What stimulates insulin secretion from beta cells?

A

Sympathetic activation

29
Q

What is the effect of dopamine agonists on GI system?

A

Reduces GI motility.

30
Q

Which pancreatic cells produce bicarbonate?

A

Centroacinar cells

31
Q

What does a very raised GGT indicate?

A

Alcoholic hepatitis

32
Q

What is hepatorenal syndrome?

A

Liver damage so there is release of NO that causes a drop in peripheral resistance and decreased blood flow to kidneys. This increases RAAS activation so intrarenal vasoconstriction occurs, however this cannot overcome systemic effects of body. CAUASES AKI

33
Q

Where are Brunner’s glands located?

A

Duodenum mucosa, which produces an alkaline fluid to protect the mucosa of duodenum from stomach acid.

34
Q

Which part of the intestine is the only place that contains Peyer’s patches?

A

Ileum, which contains M cells

35
Q

Where are M cells found?

A

Surface of MALT and Peyer’s patches for uptake of antigens to present to dendritic cells.

36
Q

What is the role of Paneth cells?

A

Produces lysosomal enzymes into the lumen, to protect the crypt

Year 2 (247 decks)

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