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Year 2 > Muscles Of The Thigh > Flashcards

Muscles Of The Thigh Flashcards

1
Q

What is the superficial fascia?

A

Also known as the hypodermis, it connects the dermis to the fascia and is responsible for fat storage and insulation. It is formed of areolar connective tissue and adipose connective tissue,

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2
Q

What is the deep fascia?

A

Tough connective tissue sheath rich in collagen which surrounds muscles and neurovascular bundles.

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3
Q

What is the fascia lata?

A

Deep connective tissue sheath which encloses the muscles of the upper thigh. It arises from the iliac crest, inguinal ligament and ends at the femur epicondyle, patella and fibula, where it becomes continuous with the crustal fascia. Fascia lata gives off a lateral sheet called the iliotibial tract and divides the thigh into 3 compartments.

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4
Q

What is crural fascia?

A

Fascia of the muscles of the lower limb which is continuous with the fascia lata. The crural fascia thickens to form the flexor retinaculum. It has an anterior, posterior and lateral compartment. The anterior and posterior compartments are separated by the interosseus membrane.

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5
Q

Where is the fascia lata thickest?

A

Superolateral aspect from fibres of the gluteus maximums and medius.
Knee where it receives fibres from the quadriceps muscle.

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6
Q

Where is the fascia lata thinnest?

A

Region where it receives fibres from the adductor muscles.

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7
Q

How are the thigh compartments formed?

A

Fascia lata gives off 3 inter muscular septa to divide the thigh into an anterior, medial and lateral compartments. The lateral inter muscular septa is strongest because it receives fibres from the ilitoibial tract.

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8
Q

What is the cribiform fascia?

A

Ovoid hiatus called the sapphenous opening which allows the sapphenous vein and efferent lymph nodes to travel.

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9
Q

What are the 4 fascia of the thigh?

A

Obturator fascia
Gluteal fascia
Iliac fascia
Fascia lata

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10
Q

What is the iliotibial tract?

A

Thickening of the fascia lata. It arises from the iliac crest and forms the lateral inter muscular septum of the thigh, attaching to the lateral femoral epicondyle. It is important for stabilising the knee and receives attachment from:
Gluteus maximus
Tensor fascia lata.

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11
Q

What is the role of the iliotibial tract?

A

Lateral knee stabilisation
Knee flexion and extension

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12
Q

What is the tensor fascia lata?

A

Connective tissue sheath enclosed by the fascia lata. It arises from the iliac spine and inserts into the iliotibial band, important for knee stability. It tightens the fascia lata for abduction + rotation of thigh. It aids venous return of the lower limb.

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13
Q

Which muscles are encapsulated by the deep fascia?

A

Tensor fascia latus muscle and gluteus maximus.

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14
Q

What is the thigh?

A

Region from the hip to the knee.

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15
Q

What is the leg?

A

Region from the knee to ankle.

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16
Q

What is the anterior thigh muscles?

A

ContainsQuadriceps tendon for Thigh extension
Sartorius and pectineus for hip flexion and abduction
Innervated by the femoral nerve from L2-L4.

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17
Q

What are the medial thigh muscles?

A

Hip adductors, innervated by the obturator nerve from L3-L5, excluding adductor Magnus hamstring head.

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18
Q

What are the posterior thigh muscles?

A

Important for hip extension and knee flexion, innervated by the tibial nerve from L4-S3, excluding the biceps femoris short head.

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19
Q

What are the muscles of the anterior thigh compartment?

A

Sartorius
Rectus femoris
Pectineus
Vasta medialis
Vasta lateralis
Vasta intermedius

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20
Q

What is the linea aspera?

A

Ridge on the femur shaft posteriorly.

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21
Q

What is the innervation to the anterior compartment muscles?

A

Femoral nerve mainly from L4 but from L2, L3 and L4.

22
Q

What is the sartorius?

A

Anterior thigh muscle which is the longest in the body from iliac spine posteriorly, medial to the tibial tuberosity, innervated by femoral nerve (L2-L4).
It is important for hip flexion, abduction and external rotation

23
Q

What is the pectineus muscle?

A

From pectineal line of pubis to the pectineal line of femur for hip flexion and abduction, innervated femoral nerve. It is occasionally innervated by a branch of the obturator nerve.

24
Q

What is the rectus femoris?

A

Anterior thigh muscle from the anterior inferior iliac crest to become part of quadriceps tendon and engulf patella, attaching to tibial tuberosity via quadriceps tendon.

Responsible for knee extension, innervated by femoral nerve (L2-L4)

It is anterior to the vastus intermedius and must be pulled back.

25
Q

What is the vastus lateralis?

A

Anterior thigh muscle from the linea aspera to engulf patella and attach to tibial tuberosity, innervated by femoral nerve (L2-L4)
It is important for extension of knee joint and stabilising patella.

26
Q

What is the Vastus medialis?

A

Anterior thigh muscle from linea aspera of femur to tibial tuberosity, innervated by the femoral nerve (L2-L4)

27
Q

What is the common attachment for the anterior thigh muscles?

A

Tibial tuberosity
This excludes the pectineus muscle

28
Q

Which muscles form the quadriceps femoris?

A

Rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus intermedialis, vastus lateralis.
**Important for knee extension and innervate by the femoral nerve from L2, L3 and L4.

29
Q

What is the vastus intermedius?

A

Anterior and lateral surface of femur between the vasta medialis and vasta lateralis to tibial tuberosity. It is important for extension of knee joint and stabilisation of knee joint.

30
Q

What are the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

5 muscles which act as hip adductors innervate by obturator nerve from L3->L5 but mainly from L3.
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Adductor Magnus
Gracilis
Obturator externus

Obturator nerve passes anteriorly to the adductor brevis, which lies beneath the adductor longus.

31
Q

What is the adductor longus muscle?

A

Medial compartment of thigh:
Arises from the pubis to attach posteriorly to the linear aspera of the femur. Innervated by obturator nerve (L3-L5)

32
Q

What is the adductor brevis muscle?

A

Medial compartment muscle of thigh:
Arises from the pubis to attach posteriorly to the linea aspera of the femur, innervated by the obturator nerve (L3-L5)

33
Q

What is the adductor Magnus?

A

Medial compartment of thigh muscle which consists of 2 compartments with adductor region and hamstring region.

34
Q

What is the adducor region of adductor Magnus?

A

Originates from the ischium to attach posteriorly to linea aspera of femur.

Innervated by obturator nerve (L3-L5) for hip adduction and flexion

35
Q

What is the hamstring region of adductor Magnus?

A

From ischia tuberosity to the adductor tubercle of femur.

**For hip adduction and extension of thigh, innervated by tibial nerve (L5-S2) **

36
Q

What is the gracilis?

A

From the pubis to attach posteriorly, medial to the tibial tuberosity and form part of the pes anserineus. It is innervated by obturator nerve (L3-L5)

37
Q

What is the obturator externus?

A

Arises from the obturator membrane to attach to the greater trochanter, innervated by the obturator nerve (L3-L5)

It is part of the external hip rotators.

38
Q

What is the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

3 muscles which are important for knee flexion and hip extension, innervated mainly by the tibial nerve from (L5-S3) excluding the short head of biceps femoris.
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Biceps femoris; short head and long head.

39
Q

What is the semitendinosus?

A

Most laterally of the posterior thigh muscles from the ischial tuberosity to the tibial tuberosity for hip extension and knee flexion, innervated by tibial nerve (L5-S3). It is part of the pes anserineus.

40
Q

What is the semimembranosus?

A

From ischial tuberosity to proximal tibia for hip extension and knee flexion, innervated by tibial nerve. (L5-S3)

41
Q

What is the biceps femoris short head?

A

Short head arises from linea aspera to attach to head. It is innervated by the obturator nerve for knee flexion only because it only reaches the knee joint.

42
Q

What is the biceps femoris long head?

A

Long head arises from the ischial tuberosity of pelvis to fibular head, innervated by the tibial nerve (L5-S3)for both knee flexion and hip extension.

43
Q

What is the pes anserineus?

A

Attachment of 3 muscles from each thigh compartmenton the medial side of tibia:
SGT
Sartorius: anterior
Gracilis: medial
Semitendinosus: posterior

44
Q

What is the sciatic nerve?

A

Runs from L4-S3 and consists of 2 branches: common fibular nerve and tibial nerve for innervation of the lower limb.

45
Q

What is the tibial nerve?

A

Sciatic nerve branch from L4-S3.
It provides motor innovation to the posterior thigh muscles of the semimembranous, semitendinous, and long head biceps of femoris.
It also innervates the hamstring head of adductor Magnus.
Innervates the posterior leg compartment and intrinsic foot muscles via its terminal branches of medial and lateral plantar.

46
Q

What is the common fibular nerve?

A

Sciatic nerve branch from L5-S2 which innervated the anterior compartment of the leg, skin of lateral leg and the short head of biceps femoris.

47
Q

What does the anterior division of the obturator nerve supply?

A

Lateral compartment of the thigh such as the Adductor longus, adductor brevis and gracilis muscle. In some people, it also innervates the pectineus muscle of anterior thigh compartment.
Cutaneous medial region of the thigh close to the gracilis.

48
Q

What does the posterior division of the obturator nerve supply?

A

Supplies the adductor brevis and adductor region of adductor Magnus. The nerve passes through the adductor hiatus to give off a genicular branch to innervate the knee.

49
Q

What is compartment syndrome?

A

Typically occurs after trauma where a muscular compartment experiences increased pressure due to inflammation and higher fluid levels that reduces blood flow to the area. This can result in ischaemia and necrosis if untreated, with extreme pain. It must be assessed using the 6 P’s.

50
Q

What are causes of compartment syndrome?

A

Direct trauma
Surgical intervention by introducing fluid
Muscle overexertion

Year 2 (247 decks)

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