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Year 2 > Harvluck B11 W3 > Flashcards

Harvluck B11 W3 Flashcards

1
Q

Yellow card marking system

A

Post-marketing surveillance of drugs to find information about side effects.

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2
Q

Fetotoxic effects of oestrogen

A

Feminisation of male foetus

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3
Q

Threshold dose where teratogen has no observable effect

A

No observable effect level

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4
Q

Type of Intrauterine growth restriction in later pregnancy

A

Assymetrical

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5
Q

Percentage of birth defects that are genetic

A

20%

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6
Q

Fetotoxic drugs after first trimester

A

Quinolones and tetracyclines

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7
Q

Effect of vitamin A on foetus

A

Spina bifida malformation, cleft palate and limb deformity.

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8
Q

Point in gestation where newborn weight doubles

A

5 Months

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9
Q

What is cephalo-caudal progression?

A

Development begins from head to toe

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10
Q

APGAR score

A

Used to assess newborn baby:
Appearance
Pulse
Grimace
Activity
Respiration

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11
Q

Difference between foramen ovale and fossa ovalis?

A

Foramen ovale is the hole between the L and R atria prior to birth. Fossa ovalis is the adult depression in the upper R atria.

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12
Q

Monotopic defect

A

Localised defect to one system

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13
Q

Polytopic defect

A

Multi-system defect due to one event.

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14
Q

When is the fundus palpable?

A

Week 22

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15
Q

Uterine arteries to placenta

A

Provide high flow and low resistance blood to the placenta.

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16
Q

When is renal function fully achieved?

A

36 weeks

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17
Q

Antibiotics prescribed in pregnancy

A

Penicillin, cephalosporin and erythromycin and candamycin

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18
Q

Effect of ACE inhibitors on foetus

A

Reduces kidney function, leading to ologihydroamniosis, lung and kidney hypoplasia and hypotension.

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19
Q

Teratogenic metabolic disease

A

Diabetes mellitus

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20
Q

Closure of ductus venosus

A

Spasm of smooth muscle due to increase in O2 and decrease in prostaglandins

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21
Q

Background risk of congenital malformation

A

2-3%

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22
Q

Effect of benzodiazepines

A

Sedative medication which causes neonatal respiratory depression

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23
Q

Warfarin foetotoxic effects

A

Nasal hypoplasia and skeletal defects

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24
Q

Dysparenia

A

Painful sex

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25
Antibiotic which reduces teeth formation
Tetracycline
26
Effect of anti-depressants
Impacts foetus after first trimester and causes neonatal withdrawal syndrome
27
Insulin-like growth factor in 1st trimester
IGF-2
28
Role of IGF-1 in foetus
Regulates foetal growth and development in the 2nd and 3rd trimester, for organ size increase
29
What is the role of colostrum?
Contains many anti-viral and anti-infective properties for priming of foetal gut
30
Raised umbilical artery index and absent end diastolic flow- indication
Foetal hypoxia
31
How does drug excretion change in pregnancy?
Increased excretion due to 30-50% in GFR kidney function and decrease in albumin due to greater plasma volume as a result of oedema
32
Turner syndrome
Abnormal urethra opening on penis underside
33
Cause of great vessel transposition
Exposure to teratogens 34 days post-conception
34
Consequence of rubella virus infection in foetus
Affects development of sensory organs of eyes and ears + heart. It results in microencephaly and cataracts
35
Talipes- defect type
Deformation
36
Drugs which cannot cross placenta
Insulin, heparin, iron dextran
37
Marriage of two related people
consanguineous
38
Newborn examination looks at:
Eyes, heart, hips, testicles and hips.
39
Period where functional specialisation of lungs occurs
Foetal period
40
Effect of smoking on foetus
Hypoxia and vasoconstriction
41
When does CRL have highest increase?
Pre-embryonic and embryonic period and foetal period.
42
Hormones for foetal growth
Insulin, Leptin, IGF-1 and IGF-2 and TNF-lapha
43
Treatment of severe nausea in pregnancy
Corticosteroids
44
Formation of bronchioles in foetus
Week 8-16
45
pH of breast milk compared to plasma
breast milk pH is 7.4
46
Stage of foetal lung development where premature baby is viable
Terminal sac stage
47
Effect of cocaine on pregnancy
Maternal vasodilation and hypoxia
48
Which shunt closes first when placental support ends?
Ductus arteriosus
49
Genetic tests for identifying congenital abnormalities
DNA analysis Cytogenetic testing Fluorescence in situ hybridisation Microdeletion analysis
50
Fluorescence in situ hybridisation
Uses DNA probes to analyse individual cell genomes
51
Trisomy 18 defect
Edward's syndrome that leads to foetal growth restriction
52
Biochemical tests in pregnancy
Hcg Oestriol A-fetoprotein
53
Late sign of foetal hypoxia
Reverse end diastolic flow
54
Birth defects from radiation poisoning
Microencephaly, spina bifida, blindness
55
Routes of teratogenic exposure from most to least harmful
Parenteral transmission: Bypasses GI system Oral Topical
56
Example of transplacental carcinogenicity
Diethylstilboestrol
57
Mendelian disorders
Monogenic inheritance, with expression in the phenotype
58
Multifactorial inheritance
Polygenic
59
Cause of cleft lip
Exposure to teratogen 36 days post-exposure
60
Antenatal test for congenital abnormalities
Triple test, nuchal fold and anomaly scan
61
Nuchal fold
Fold of skin at the back of foetal neck present during 2nd pregnancy trimester -> Increased thickness is associated with abnormalities
62
Most common form of spina bifida
Spina bifida occulta
63
Most severe form of spina bifida
Meningococele spina bifida where the meninges protrude through the spine
64
Growth phase where height increase is slowest?
Pre-pubertal
65
Percentage of children walking by 13 mths
70%
66
Percentage of children walking by 1 year
50%
67
Percentage of children walking by 15 mths
90%
68
Cause of IUGR
Infection: TORCH Maternal malnutrition, hypertension, cardiovascular disease + smoking Placental factors: infarction, abruption, insufficiency
69
Cause of assymmetrical intrauterine growth?
Occurs in later hypertrophic stage of development where glycogen deposition in liver and adipose deposition of brown fat happens.
70
Cause of symmetrical intrauterine growth?
Occurs in early stage of foetal growth which is driven by hyperplasia.
71

Year 2 (247 decks)

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