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Year 2 > Harvluck B11 W3 > Flashcards

Harvluck B11 W3 Flashcards

1
Q

Yellow card marking system

A

Post-marketing surveillance of drugs to find information about side effects.

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2
Q

Fetotoxic effects of oestrogen

A

Feminisation of male foetus

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3
Q

Threshold dose where teratogen has no observable effect

A

No observable effect level

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4
Q

Type of Intrauterine growth restriction in later pregnancy

A

Assymetrical

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5
Q

Percentage of birth defects that are genetic

A

20%

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6
Q

Fetotoxic drugs after first trimester

A

Quinolones and tetracyclines

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7
Q

Effect of vitamin A on foetus

A

Spina bifida malformation, cleft palate and limb deformity.

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8
Q

Point in gestation where newborn weight doubles

A

5 Months

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9
Q

What is cephalo-caudal progression?

A

Development begins from head to toe

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10
Q

APGAR score

A

Used to assess newborn baby:
Appearance
Pulse
Grimace
Activity
Respiration

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11
Q

Difference between foramen ovale and fossa ovalis?

A

Foramen ovale is the hole between the L and R atria prior to birth. Fossa ovalis is the adult depression in the upper R atria.

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12
Q

Monotopic defect

A

Localised defect to one system

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13
Q

Polytopic defect

A

Multi-system defect due to one event.

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14
Q

When is the fundus palpable?

A

Week 22

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15
Q

Uterine arteries to placenta

A

Provide high flow and low resistance blood to the placenta.

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16
Q

When is renal function fully achieved?

A

36 weeks

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17
Q

Antibiotics prescribed in pregnancy

A

Penicillin, cephalosporin and erythromycin and candamycin

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18
Q

Effect of ACE inhibitors on foetus

A

Reduces kidney function, leading to ologihydroamniosis, lung and kidney hypoplasia and hypotension.

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19
Q

Teratogenic metabolic disease

A

Diabetes mellitus

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20
Q

Closure of ductus venosus

A

Spasm of smooth muscle due to increase in O2 and decrease in prostaglandins

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21
Q

Background risk of congenital malformation

A

2-3%

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22
Q

Effect of benzodiazepines

A

Sedative medication which causes neonatal respiratory depression

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23
Q

Warfarin foetotoxic effects

A

Nasal hypoplasia and skeletal defects

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24
Q

Dysparenia

A

Painful sex

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25
Q

Antibiotic which reduces teeth formation

A

Tetracycline

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26
Q

Effect of anti-depressants

A

Impacts foetus after first trimester and causes neonatal withdrawal syndrome

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27
Q

Insulin-like growth factor in 1st trimester

A

IGF-2

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28
Q

Role of IGF-1 in foetus

A

Regulates foetal growth and development in the 2nd and 3rd trimester, for organ size increase

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29
Q

What is the role of colostrum?

A

Contains many anti-viral and anti-infective properties for priming of foetal gut

30
Q

Raised umbilical artery index and absent end diastolic flow- indication

A

Foetal hypoxia

31
Q

How does drug excretion change in pregnancy?

A

Increased excretion due to 30-50% in GFR kidney function and decrease in albumin due to greater plasma volume as a result of oedema

32
Q

Turner syndrome

A

Abnormal urethra opening on penis underside

33
Q

Cause of great vessel transposition

A

Exposure to teratogens 34 days post-conception

34
Q

Consequence of rubella virus infection in foetus

A

Affects development of sensory organs of eyes and ears + heart. It results in microencephaly and cataracts

35
Q

Talipes- defect type

A

Deformation

36
Q

Drugs which cannot cross placenta

A

Insulin, heparin, iron dextran

37
Q

Marriage of two related people

A

consanguineous

38
Q

Newborn examination looks at:

A

Eyes, heart, hips, testicles and hips.

39
Q

Period where functional specialisation of lungs occurs

A

Foetal period

40
Q

Effect of smoking on foetus

A

Hypoxia and vasoconstriction

41
Q

When does CRL have highest increase?

A

Pre-embryonic and embryonic period and foetal period.

42
Q

Hormones for foetal growth

A

Insulin, Leptin, IGF-1 and IGF-2 and TNF-lapha

43
Q

Treatment of severe nausea in pregnancy

A

Corticosteroids

44
Q

Formation of bronchioles in foetus

A

Week 8-16

45
Q

pH of breast milk compared to plasma

A

breast milk pH is 7.4

46
Q

Stage of foetal lung development where premature baby is viable

A

Terminal sac stage

47
Q

Effect of cocaine on pregnancy

A

Maternal vasodilation and hypoxia

48
Q

Which shunt closes first when placental support ends?

A

Ductus arteriosus

49
Q

Genetic tests for identifying congenital abnormalities

A

DNA analysis
Cytogenetic testing
Fluorescence in situ hybridisation
Microdeletion analysis

50
Q

Fluorescence in situ hybridisation

A

Uses DNA probes to analyse individual cell genomes

51
Q

Trisomy 18 defect

A

Edward’s syndrome that leads to foetal growth restriction

52
Q

Biochemical tests in pregnancy

A

Hcg
Oestriol
A-fetoprotein

53
Q

Late sign of foetal hypoxia

A

Reverse end diastolic flow

54
Q

Birth defects from radiation poisoning

A

Microencephaly, spina bifida, blindness

55
Q

Routes of teratogenic exposure from most to least harmful

A

Parenteral transmission: Bypasses GI system
Oral
Topical

56
Q

Example of transplacental carcinogenicity

A

Diethylstilboestrol

57
Q

Mendelian disorders

A

Monogenic inheritance, with expression in the phenotype

58
Q

Multifactorial inheritance

A

Polygenic

59
Q

Cause of cleft lip

A

Exposure to teratogen 36 days post-exposure

60
Q

Antenatal test for congenital abnormalities

A

Triple test, nuchal fold and anomaly scan

61
Q

Nuchal fold

A

Fold of skin at the back of foetal neck present during 2nd pregnancy trimester
-> Increased thickness is associated with abnormalities

62
Q

Most common form of spina bifida

A

Spina bifida occulta

63
Q

Most severe form of spina bifida

A

Meningococele spina bifida where the meninges protrude through the spine

64
Q

Growth phase where height increase is slowest?

A

Pre-pubertal

65
Q

Percentage of children walking by 13 mths

A

70%

66
Q

Percentage of children walking by 1 year

A

50%

67
Q

Percentage of children walking by 15 mths

A

90%

68
Q

Cause of IUGR

A

Infection: TORCH
Maternal malnutrition, hypertension, cardiovascular disease + smoking
Placental factors: infarction, abruption, insufficiency

69
Q

Cause of assymmetrical intrauterine growth?

A

Occurs in later hypertrophic stage of development where glycogen deposition in liver and adipose deposition of brown fat happens.

70
Q

Cause of symmetrical intrauterine growth?

A

Occurs in early stage of foetal growth which is driven by hyperplasia.

71
Q
A

Year 2 (247 decks)

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