Infections Flashcards
Common bacteria in the respiratory tract
Staphylcoccus aureus which is commensal found in the skin and respiratory tract. Causes skin infection, respiratory infection, osteomyelitis and gastroenteritis
Bacteria in the GIT
Clostridium dificile which is transmitted faeco-oral route. It is a spore forming and forms enterotoxin and cytotoxin to cause diarrhea, dehydration and abdominal pain. It can also be caused by use of antibiotics.
Bacteria in lower GI tract
Ecoli which causes gastroenteritis, UTI and neonatal meningitis. It can lead to haemolytic uremic syndrome.
Features of E.Coli
Gram negative Bacilli, catalase positive and oxidative negative.
What is streptococcus pneumoniae features?
Gram positive, alpha-haemolytic and catalase negative.
What is haemolytic uremic syndrome?
Blood disorder small blood vessels become damaged and inflamed to cause low RBC, platelets and AKI.
Helicobacter pylori
Contains flagella to penetrate stomach lining and cause ulcers, stomach adenocarcinoma and diffuse large B cell lymphoma
Common cause of gastroenteritis
Norovirus
Common cause of bronchiolitis
RSV
Tapeworm which uses sheep as an intermediate host
Echinococcus granulosus
River blindness
Onchocerca volvulus
Dengue fever
Transmitted by Aedes mosquito with fever and maculopapular rash.
Hepatitis viruses transmitted faeco-oral
Hep A and Hep E
Cause of Meningitis in infants
Group B streptococci
Cause of viral meningitis in elderly
Enterovirus
Cellulitis
Infection to the deeper dermis and subcutaneous tissues
Cause of cellulitis
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pyogenes
Infection with a long incubation period
14-16 days- varicella zoster
Mechanism of vibrio cholerae
Activates adenylate cyclase which increase cAMP levels
Effect of congenital syphyllis
Spaced teeth
Adverse effect of vancomycin
Nephrotoxicity
Scarlett fever
Sandpaper skin rash, bumpy red tongue, sore throat and fever caused by streptococcus pyogenes. Can progress to poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis.
Cause of toxic shock syndrome
Staphylcoccus aureus
Presentation of meningitis
Stiff neck and photophobia with rash over face and torso.
Most common complication of meningitis
Sensineural deafness
Whooping cough
Caused by bordatella pertussis which activates Gs protein to increase intracellular cAMP levels. Symptoms begin as the common cold and progress to vomiting
Most common cause for common cold
Rhinovirus
Measles presentatio
Maculopapular rash
Bacterium culture containing beta-lactamase- antibiotic resistance
Pencillin antibiotics
Scattered crackles and no focal consolidation
Pneumocystitis jirovecci present in immunocompomised individuals
Role of spleen against infection
Protects from encapsulated bacteria
Tetanus inhibition
GABA ang glycine
Parvovirus
Common childhood infection transmitted from dogs. In pregnancy, causes hydrops fetalis due to severe anaemia causing cardiac failure
Eye damage in HIV
Cytomegalovirus
Tuberculosis presentation
Caesating granulomatous inflammation
Infection transmitted from sheep
Echinococcus granulosus
Infective carditis- causative agent
Staphylococcus aureus
Causative agents of liver abscess
Entamoeba histolytica
Most common cause of viral meningitis in adults
Enterovirus
Measles presentation
Fever and white spots in cheeks which can progress to pneumonia
Mechanism of action of E.Coli
Heat stabile toxin: Activates guanylayate cylase to increase cGMP levels
Heat labile toxin: Increases intracelllar cAMP
Bulls eye rash
Lyme disease
Cause of toxic shock syndrome
Staphylcoccus aureus
Acute epiglottitis
High fever, sore throat and sitting leaning forward caused by haemophilius influenzae.
Traveller’s diarrhoea
3 episodes of diarrhoea shortly after travel
Type of bacteria in the gut
Gram negative baccilli
Post-transplant infection 4-6 weeks after
Cytomegalovirus
Post transplant infection 6 months later
Epstein-Barr virus
Pseudomonas aeuroginosa
Gram negative bacilli which causes otitis externa, osteomyelitis and pneumonia. It inhibits elongation factor and causes lower respiratory tract infections with cystic fibrosis.
Campylobacter jejuni
Most common infectious intestinal illness. Gram negative curved rod which is found in undercooked food or unpasteurised milk and causes bloody diarrhoea most commonly in children. It causes abdominal pain that is similar to appendicitis and headache but NO fever.
E.Coli symptoms
Symptoms present 12-48 hrs after exposure, from undercooked meat.
What causes post-splenectomy sepsis?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilius influenza
