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Year 2 > Block 9 Week 4 > Flashcards

Block 9 Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Diagnosis of Malaria

A

Rapid Diagnostic test

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2
Q

Aspergilloma

A

Pathogenic mould which causes a Fungal ball containing debris and mucus in the lungs

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3
Q

Onycomychosis

A

Fungal nail infection

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4
Q

Chondroma

A

Benign tumours found in the cartilage of the hands and feet

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5
Q

Histogenesis

A

Differentiation of cells into specialised tissues and organs during growth

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6
Q

Malaria life cycle

A

Exo-erythrocytic stage, erythrocytic stage and sporogonic stage which takes 48 hrs

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7
Q

Variolation

A

Enhancing immunity by taking substances from infected patients like pus or dried mucus to give to non-infected patients

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8
Q

Which virus has been successfully eradicated?

A

Smallpox

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9
Q

Which layer of the skin is dermatophyses present?

A

Stratum corneum

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10
Q

Invasive intestinal ameobiasis

A

Dysentery and colitis due to mucosal invasion

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11
Q

Ecchinocus granulosus

A

Cestode which Causes Hyatid disease from dog faeces to -> cattle

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12
Q

Leishmaniasis

A

Caused by female phlebotomine sandflies with sores at bite location. It classified based on location.
Visceral, Cutaneous and

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13
Q

Anaplastic

A

Highly undifferentiated, loss of polarity, pleomorphism, abnormal nuclear morphology

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14
Q

Coccidiodes immitis

A

Dimorphic fungi

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15
Q

Bilharzia

A

AKA Schistosomiasis, a type of trematode (fluke) which can lead to anaemia, learning difficulties

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16
Q

Examples of nematode

A

Soil transmitted helminths such as
Ascaris, filiaril roundworms, draculunculus, trichuris trichuria. Matures in the large intestine and causes weight loss, nausea and GI symptoms

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17
Q

Taeniasis

A

Parasitic cestode (tapeworm) infection found in infected meat such as beef or pork. Causes cysterocisis in localised organs such as the brain.

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18
Q

Metaplasia

A

Differentiation from one cell type to another due to environmental stressor

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19
Q

Inflammatory infectious conditions that are a sporadic cause of cancer

A

Hep B:liver cancer
inflammatory bowel disease: bowel cancer
H.pylori: stomach cancer

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20
Q

Pleomorphism

A

Variation in size and shape

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21
Q

Regulatory genes for cell division

A

Tumour suppression genes
Apoptosis
Repair gene DNA
proto-oncogenes

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22
Q

Transfer of specific gamma globulins

A

Tetanus, gangrene, snake bite, Hep B, rabies

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23
Q

Transfer of serum gamma globulins

A

Maternal antibodies, hypogammaglobinumia

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24
Q

Trichomoniasis

A

STI parasite caused by infection in the vagina

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25
Q

Ascariasis

A

Caused by nematode (roundworm) in the soil . They mature in the lungs and ascend bronchial tree causing cough to be swallowed which live in the small intestine for up to 2 years

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26
Q

Leiomyoma

A

Benign smooth muscle tumour

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27
Q

Non pathogenic gut parasites

A

Lodamoeba butschilli, entamoeba histolytica, entamoeba coli, endolimax nana

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28
Q

Hamartoma

A

Benign overgrowth of cells and tissues in a given area. It can undergo malignant transformation.

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29
Q

Elephantitis

A

Caused by nematode filiaris which causes hardening and thickening of the skin

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30
Q

Uncomplicated malaria

A

Fever, chills, sweating

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31
Q

Effect of cancer

A

Reduces angiogenesis

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32
Q

Replication of parasite inside Anopheles

A

Sexual reproduction

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33
Q

Tinea pedis

A

Fungal infection in foot

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34
Q

Effect of azole

A

Causes liver damage

35
Q

Stage of malaria which causes clinical symptoms

A

Erythrocytic stage

36
Q

Helicobacter pylori- cancer

A

Produces urease -> ammonia + CO2. Ammonia is a carcinogen to cells and causes gastric carcinoma

37
Q

Routes of metastasis

A

Haematogenous (blood)
Lymphatic
Transcoelomic via body cavities

38
Q

Dracunculus medinensis parasite

A

Guinea worm disease where it Migrates through subcutaneous tissue causing severe joint pain and emerges in the feet

39
Q

Cancer stage

A

Spread of tumour

40
Q

Giardasis

A

Parasitic disease which causes diarrhoea

41
Q

Hypersensitivity to fungi

A

Asthma and farmer’s lung

42
Q

Exo-erythrocytic stage

A

Sporozoites infect hepatocytes and mature into schizonts which rupture and release merozoites

43
Q

Epstein-Barr virus

A

Herpes virus 4 which induces excess production of WBC and leads to fever, swollen lymph nodes. It is linked to lymphoma and nasopharyngeal cancers

44
Q

Which type of plasmodium emerges from the liver cells?

A

Merozoites

45
Q

Cyclin-dependent kinases

A

Regulate the cell cycle

46
Q

Hepatitis B- cancer

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

47
Q

Choristoma

A

Benign tumour where normal tissue is in a foreign site

48
Q

South African Trypanosomiasis

A

Faeces of blood sucking triatomine insect

49
Q

Cancer

A

Malignant tumour/neoplasm

50
Q

Barrett’s oesophagus

A

Metaplasia due to GI reflux so squamous -> columnar with goblet cells

51
Q

GUinea worm disease

A

Dracunculus medinensis

52
Q

Types of metaplasia

A

Squamous and glandular

53
Q

Schistosoma

A

Trematode (Fluke) Mansoni, jepacium affect intestines, hematobium affects bladder. Caused by swimming in fresh water that leads to inflammation and scarring.

54
Q

River blindness

A

Caused by onchocerciasis

55
Q

Pykonsis

A

Shrinkage of nucleus due to necrosis

56
Q

Karryolysis

A

Dissolution of the nucleus

57
Q

Karryorhexis

A

Fragmentation of cell nucleus

58
Q

How is HIV-1 gene expression from CD4+ T cells reduced?

A

Histone deacetylation

59
Q

HPV

A

Double stranded DNA virus

60
Q

SARS-CO2

A

Positive single strand RNA virus

61
Q

How does SARS-COV2 infect?

A

Uses the spike protein to bind to the ACE2 (angiotensin converting enzyme) receptor present on the heart and kidney cells leading to severe thrombotic disease

62
Q

What are the types of COVID 19 vaccines generated?

A

Artificially producing synthetic mRNA corresponding to the spike
Isolating source of SARS-COV2 spike genetic material

63
Q

What is produced in the sexual reproduction of fungi?

A

Hyphae and spores

64
Q

Coccidiodes immitis

A

Dimorphic fungi

65
Q

Tinea versicolour

A

Superficial mycoses of fungi which interferes with skin pigmentation, leading to rash and skin flaking

66
Q

Eukaryotic parasites

A

Protozoa, helminths and arthopods

67
Q

How do anti-helminths work?

A

Target the adult non-proliferating organisms

68
Q

How do helminths lay eggs?

A

Carbohydrate metabolism and microtubule integrity

68
Q

How do helminths move food in their digestive tract?

A

Neuromuscular co-ordination

69
Q

What form of malaria is ingested by a parasite during a blood meal?

A

Gametocytes

70
Q

What is the sporogonic cycle?

A

Replication of parasite in the mosquito

71
Q

Quartern malaria

A

Every 3-4 days for falciparum and malariae

72
Q

Tertiary malaria

A

Every 2-3 days for ovale and vivax

73
Q

Teratoma

A

Tumour which arises from all embryological germ layers

74
Q

Which tumours use haematogenous spread?

A

Liver and lung cancer via venous drainage

75
Q

Histological grade

A

Scale of 1-3
Score 1: Small nuclei and slightly bigger cell
Score 2: Larger cells than normal with prominent open vesicular nuclei
Score 3: Vesicular nuclei with prominent nucleoli

76
Q

Vesicular nuclei

A

Large nuclei

77
Q

Temperature for conscious intelligence

A

35 to 45 degrees

78
Q

Tympanic membrane monitor

A

Infared measurement of eardrum temp

79
Q

Part of the hypothalamus for temp

A

Anterior hypothalamus

80
Q

What is a common heart irregularity in hypothermic patients?

A

J wave caused by displacement of ST segment due to ventricular fibrillation

81
Q

Nodule

A

Growth of abnormal tissue which creates a lump under the skin

82
Q

Wheal

A

Raised itchy rash

83
Q
A

Year 2 (247 decks)

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