Anatomy of the kidney Flashcards

1
Q

Which level are the kidneys located?

A

Retroperitoneal organs located at T12 to L3.
Right kidney is at a lower position than the left kidney due to the liver

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2
Q

What is an anatomical landmark that crosses the kidney?

A

Transpyloric plane located at L1, it crosses the hilum of Left kidney and superior pole of Right kidney.

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3
Q

What level does the kidney end?

A

T12 to L3

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4
Q

What are the coverings of the kidney?

A

Surrounded by:
Fibrous capsule
Adipose tissue which is thicker posteriorly
Renal fascia anteriorly and posteriorly

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5
Q

What are the branches of the renal artery?

A

Segmental artery
Anterior superior artery
Anterior inferior artery
Inferior segmental artery
Posterior segmental artery.

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6
Q

What is the blood supply to apical kidney?

A

Segmental artery

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7
Q

What is the blood supply to

A
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8
Q

What drains urine into the renal pelvis?

A

Major and minor calyxes. At the end of the minor calcyxes is the renal papilla.

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9
Q

What are the structures posterior to the kidney?

A

Psoas muscle
Diaphragm
Quadratus lumborum

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10
Q

Which structures are related anteriorly to RIGHT kidney?

A

Hepatic flexure
Descending duodenum

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11
Q

Which structures are related anteriorly to LEFTint kidney?

A

Splenic flexure
Spleen
Pancreas
Stomach

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12
Q

What is the venous drainage of the kidney?

A

From Peritubular capillaries:
Interlobular vein
Interarcuate vein
Interlobar vein
Renal vein
IVC

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13
Q

What is the difference between arterial and venous supply to the kidney?

A

There is NO segmental vein.

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14
Q

Which renal vein gives off important branches?

A

Left renal vein gives off :
Left suprarenal vein
Left gonadal vein

The left renal vein has the superior mesenteric artery that branches off, and issues with SMA can cause constriction.

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15
Q

What are the constrictions of the ureter?

A

Renal pelvis
Pelvic brim at the bifurcation of the common iliac artery
Entry into bladder

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16
Q

How does the ureter enter the pelvis?

A

At the bifurcation of the common iliac artery, posteriorly and inferior over the pelvic brim to course into the bladder.

17
Q

What is the relatio of the ureter to the uterine artery?

A

Passes below uterine artery
(WATER UNDER THE BRIDGE)

18
Q

What are the pouches from bladder to anus in men?

A

Single pouch called the Recto-vesicular pouch between the bladder and anus

19
Q

What is the epithelia of the prostatic urethra?

A

Transitional epithelium.

20
Q

What is the epithelia of the membranous urethra?

A

Stratified columnar epithelium
AND
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Membranous urethra is surrounded by the external urethra.

21
Q

What is the epithelia of the spongy urethra?

A

Stratified squamous epithelia

22
Q

What are the pouches from bladder to anus in women?

A

Vesico-uterine pouch

Rectouterine pouch

23
Q

What is the blood supply to the bladder?

A

Superior vesicular artery, a branch of the internal iliac artery.

24
Q

What is the venous drainage to the bladder?

A
25
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation to the bladder?

A

Hypogastric plexus from T12 to L2 which causes contraction of internal urethral sphincter.

26
Q

What is the parasympathetic innnervation to the bladder?

A

S2-S4 region from the pelvic splanchnic nerve and the inferior hypogastric plexus for relaxation of urethral sphincter.

27
Q

What is the voluntary control of the bladder?

A

Somatic innervation is the pudendal nerve from S2-S4.

28
Q

What is the pain innervation to the bladder?

A

Superior portion is supplied by sympathetic nerve plexus from T11-L2

29
Q

What is the pain innervation to the bladder from L3?

A

Parasympathetic innervation

30
Q

What is the urachus?

A

Aka median umbilical ligament which is a remnant of the umbilical cord, located on bladder apex.